• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.14
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• pp.63-73
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• 1990

The thought of three religious, Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, had been the mainaxis of Korean spirit of the past. This study is centered on Buddhist and Taoist costume. There have been a lot of studies on Korean costume from many viewpoints. However, there have been few approaches to the inner !"ide of it. That is to say, the research on spiritual back-ground or religious correlation has not done yet. And especially, we are wholly lacking the studies on Taoist costume. In this dissertation, I investigate how they had come to wear Buddhist costume and how it trans, on the basis of related documentary records and existing remains. I also inquiry Taoist costume which was worn at Taoist ceremony in our country, with the help of Korean books and documents and of the sources of Packwoonkwan in China. In the case of Topobyunjeung in Korean costume, in particular, we can catch the source of it only after studying the religious side of Taoist costume and Buddhist costume. As revealed in the theory of Topobyunjeung in Ojuyunmoonja-ngsango by Lee, Kyu Kyung, even old masters and great Confucianists could not know whether Topo, the ordinary clothes of the Sadaeboo, originated from Taoist costume or Buddhist costume. There have been many opinions about the origin, but even now it is true that no one has made it clear. Therefore in this dissertatio I demonstrate mainly how Topo and Hakchangeui appeared in Korean costume through Taoist costume. It is said that Taoists, Buddhists, and literary men wore Topo, Chickchul, and Chickshin in Song dynasty of China. Topo was a clerical robe of Taoists and was also an ordinary clothes. Chick-chul was a clerical robe of Buddhists, and Chick-shin was worn by Zen priests in Won dynaty. Over the Po, Buddhist wore a large robe, namely Kasa, and Taoist wore Packhakchang like Wooeui, when they attended at the religious ceremony. And they regarded such manner of dressing as ceremonial full-dress attire. The style of Topo in China was Saryunggyogeo. The is th say that they put the black Yeon along Sajoo, which are Young, Soogoo, Keum, and Keo, and that they wore Sajodae around their waists so as to let the band down in front of them. Our existing type of Topo is that of Chickryung-gyoin. The characteristics of the type are its Koreum hung on the dress, no Yeon along Sajoo, and Soopok at the back of the dress. And when they put on the dress, they wear Saejodae around their waists. These characteristics considered, we can find the source of Topo from the Po of Chickshin among Buddhist costume. Other types of Topo are those that were transformed elegantly according to our national manners and customs in our country. So-called Wooeui in Chiness Taoism is Hakchang. Originally it was made by weaving for of cranes or other feathered birds. Its remarkable feature is the wide sleeves. Later they called such a robe with wide sleeves Hakchang. Our hakchangeui has Yeon along Sajoo and a belt around waist. We can guess that the features of Topo and wide-sleeved Hakchang mingled and turned into Hakchangeui. Or it might also be that Topa worn by Taoist was regarded as Hakchang and Topa which has Yeon along Sajoo was regarded as Hakchangeui in our country. Such type of Hakchang worn by Taoists was well shown in the Buddhist and Taoist paintings among "The Pictures of Hills, Waters, and Folks" in the latter half of the 16th century. In China Hakchang with a belt around waist could not be seen. Comparing our style of Hakchangeui with the Chinese style, we can recognize the former was similar to that of Chinese Topa. From this, we gather that Topa was regarded as Hakchang, Wooeui worn by Taoists, Ascetics and True Men in Korea. Furthermore I also gather that our Hakchangeui, which has Tongjeong, Koreurn and a belt around waist, was a transformed style in our own country. From the above, we can realize that in costume the three religions, Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, cannot be treated separately although they are different each other in the essential thought. We have to recognize that Korean Costume was established under the closely connected correlation among the religions and that it was transfigured and accepted according to the cultural characteristics. This study is significant in that it is the first attempt to understand Korean costume through the religous approach, which has never been made in our Korean costume studies. We are demanded even more wide and profound investigation on the religious side of costume throughout the general field of costume studies.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 1986

The daily net primary production by phytoplankton in the southeastern sea of Korea in October 1985 ranged from 0.7 to 2.7 gCm$\^$-2/ d$\^$-1/ and averaged to be 1.3 gCm$\^$-2/ d$\^$-1/. Surface total chlorophyll ranged from 0.97 to 3.59mg chlm$\^$-3/. Primary production by nano-phytoplankton(〈20$\mu\textrm{m}$) ranged from 43 to 97% in the surface layer. Optimum light intensity(Iopt)was around 300 to 700${\mu}$Es$\^$-1/m$\^$-1/. Surface primary production from 9:00 to 15:00 h was evidently inhibited by strong light intensity beyond the Iopt. Phytoplankton near the base of euphotic zone(30-40m) showed extremely low Iopt suggesting adaptation to a low light environment. Since Iopt represents the history of light experience of phytoplankton at a given depth, the extent of variation in I of phytoplankton at different depth seems to be related to the in tensity of turbulence mixing in the surface mixed layer. From the present study, ammonium excretion by macrozooplankton (〉350$\mu\textrm{m}$) contributes from 3 to 19% of daily total nitrogen requirement by phytoplandton in this area. Calculation of upward flux of nitrate to the surface mixed layer from the lower layer, based on the simple diffusion model, approximates 3% of nitrogen requirement by phytoplankton. However, large portion of nitrogen requirement by phytoplankton remains unexplained in this area. In upwelling area near the coast, adjective flux might be the major source for the nitrogen requirement by phytoplankton. This study suggests that the major nitrogen source for the phytoplankton growth might come from the pelagic regeneration by nano-and micro-sized heterotrophic plandkon. Enhancement of primary production during the passage of the warm Tsushima Current is discussed in relation with nutrient dynamics and hydrlgraphic processes in this area.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.353-366
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was assessment the quality of water by using the statistical analysis technique of the Water flow and water quality from January 2012 to December 2016 at the unit basin for total pollutant load management system (TPLMS) in the Imjin River. Water flow and water quality were monitored at an average of 8 day intervals, 11 parameters were used for correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA), and cluster analysis (CA). The Hierarchical CA was classified into three according to the change of space, such as natural rivers, urban rivers, point with large influence of point pollution source, it was found that the type of contamination source the similarity of water quality affected the classification of cluster. Using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Analysis, there were statistically significant differences between mean values among the clusters. Correlation analysis showed the correlation coefficient between $COD_{Mn}$ and TOC was 0.951 (p<0.01) and the correlation was statistically significantly higher. According to the result PCA and FA, 3 principal components can explaining 72% of the total variations in water quality characteristics and main factor was EC, $BOD_5$, $COD_{Mn}$, TN, TP and TOC indirect indicators of organic matter and nutrients were influenced. This study presented the regression equation obtained by applying the factor scores to the multiple linear regression analysis and concluded that the management Indirect indicators of organic matter and nutrients is important for water quality management in the Imjin River basin.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.112-118
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• 2002

Sporulation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been regarded as an important model of cellular development and differentiation. S. pombe cells proliferate by mitosis and binary fission on growth medium. Deprivation of nutrients especially nitrogen sources, causes the cessation of mitosis and initiates sexual reproduction by matting between two sexually compatible cell types. Meiosis is then followed in a diploid cell in the absence of nitrogen source. DNA fragment complemented with the mutations of sporulation gene was isolated from the S. pombe gene library constructed in the vector, pDB 248' and designated as pDB(spo5)1. We futher analyzed six recombinant plasmids, pDB(spo5)2, pDB(spo5)3, pDB(spo5)4, pDB(spo5)5, pDB (spo5)6, pDB(spo5)7 and found each of these plasmids is able to rescue the spo5-2, spo5-3, spo5-4, spo5-5, spo5-6, spo5-7 mutations, respectively. Mapping of the integrated plasmid into the homologous site of the S. pombe chromosomes demonstrated that pDB(spo5)1, and pDB(spu5)Rl contained the spo5 gene. Transcripts of spo5 gene were analyzed by Northern hybridization. Two transcripts of 3.2 kb and 2.5kb were detected with 5kb Hind Ⅲ fragment containing a part of the spo5 gene as a probe. The small mRNA(2.5kb) appeared only when a wild-type strain was cultured in the absence of nitrogen source in which condition the large mRNA (3.2kb) was produced constitutively. Appearance of a 2.5kb spo5-mRNA depends upon the function of the meil, mei2 and mei3 genes.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.519-528
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• 2002

Background : Steroid therapy has been shown to improve the clinical outcome in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients with histological evidence of fibroproliferation in the lung tissue and no identifiable source of infection. Because the histopathological features of acute interstitial pneumonia(AIP) are identical with that of ARDS, early steroid therapy was used in AIP patients who had histological evidence of fibroproliferation in the lung tissue and no identifiable source of infection. We analyzed seven years of our experience to evaluate the efficacy of early steroid therapy in AIP. Materials and Methods : A retrospective review was performed on AIP patients who received steroid therapy within 7 days of mechanical ventilatory support in Dankook university Hospital between May 1995 and May 2002. AIP was diagnosed clinically by ARDS without a known cause of the etiology and pathologically by a lung biopsy showing a fibroproliferative stage of diffuse alveolar damage. The clinical response and physiologic parameters were evaluated during steroid therapy. Results : Five AIP patients received intravenous methylprednisolone (1-2 mg/kg every 6 hours) after $0.6{\pm}1.7$ days of mechanical ventilatory support. Lung biopsies were performed after $1.8{\pm}1.4$ days of mechanical ventilatory support. Four patients(80%) survived and were extubated after $2.8{\pm}0.4$ days of steroid therapy with improvement in the $PaO_2/FiO_2$ ratio ($127.4{\pm}10.0$ at day 0 to $223.8{\pm}37.6$ at day 7) by steroid therapy. However, one patient(20%) died of respiratory failure after 15 days of steroid therapy. Conclusion : Early steroid therapy sppears to be beneficial in AIP patients without evidence of infection. However, as our study group was too small, further large scale studies to define the effectiveness of steroids are required.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.3 s.91
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• pp.222-229
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• 2000

Spatial and temporal variation of phosphorus in response to intensity of summer monsoon was evaluated in Taechung Reservoir during 1993${\sim}$1994. Total phosphorus (TP) averaged 31 ${\mu}$g/l during the study and varied from 6 to 197 ${\mu}$g/l. Concentrations of TP were highest in the headwaters during the monsoon of July${\sim}$August 1993, and these values were mainly made of particulate P and were closely associated (R$^{2}$=0.74, p<0.001) with high inorganic suspended solids (NVSS). In-lake TP in the headwaters was mainly influenced by the watershed runoff and declined toward the dam. Values of TP downlake was only one-fifth of the peak in the headwaters and had no correlation with NVSS. In 1994, inlake TP was markedly lower relative to 1993 and showed low spatial and temporal variation. Maximum TP during monsoon 1994 in the headwaters and mid-lake was 72% and 52% lower, respectively, than in those two zones in 1993 whereas TP downlake was similar between the two years. These results suggest that temporal variation downlake is much less influenced by seasonal inflow compared to the haedwaters. In 1993, mean TP before fall overturn, based on average value for all sites, was significantly (t=5.99, p<0.001) greater than the mean after fall overturn, whereas in 1994 mean TP after fall overturn (32 ${\mu}$g/l) was greater. This outcome indicates that in 1993 major P-input originated from the external source from the watershed during the intense monsoon, whereas in 1994 internal processes dominated during the weak monsoon. Overall data suggest that annual budget of inlake P is regulated by intensity of the summer monsoon, and phosphorus data measured at single site near the dam or headwater zone may not be represent seasonal trends of the system due to large spatial variation of Taechung Reservoir.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.251-271
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is: 1) to determine error sources and the effects of each error source, 2) to investigate optimal measuring conditions from holistic and analytic scoring methods, and 3) to compare the value of reliability between Cronbach's alpha and the generalizability coefficient in self-introduction letter and teacher's recommendation letter based on the generalizability theory in identification of mathematical gifted students by observations and nominations. Data of this study were collected from the science education institute for the gifted attached to the university located within in a capital city for the 2011 academic year. Scores form two raters using holistic and analytic scoring methods in both assessment types were used. The results of this study were as follows. First, as to both assessment types, error sources for people were relatively large regardless of scoring methods. However, error sources for raters in holistic scoring methods had a more significant impact than those of analytic scoring methods. Second, to set optimal measuring conditions in the self-introduction letter and teacher's recommendation letter, if we fixed the number of raters into 2 based on holistic scoring methods, at least 5 and 10 content domains were needed, respectively. In addition, the number of items in teacher's recommendation letter should be more than 3 when we fixed the number of content domains into 4, and the number of items in self-introduction letter should be more than 8 when we fixed the number of content domains into 6 using analytic scoring methods. Third, Cronbach's alpha having only a single source of errors was higher than the generalizability coefficient regardless of assessment types and scoring methods. Hence we recommend that generalizability coefficient based on various error sources such as raters, content domains, and items should be considered to keep a satisfactory level of reliability in both assessment types.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.196-209
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• 2009

Occurrences of sandstorms in the deserts and loess of Mongolia and northern China and associated dustfall episodes in the Korean Peninsula were monitored during the period January through December, 2005. False colour images were made by directly receiving the NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data, and the distribution and transport of sandstorms were analyzed. The ground concentrations for PM10, PM2.5 and visibility of the dustfall episodes (PM10 concentration over $190{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$) were analyzed at Cheongwon, located midway in South Korea, and in the leeward direction of the place of origin of the sandstorms. Variations in the concentrations of $O_3,\;NO_2$, CO and $SO_2$ were also compared with dust concentrations in the dustfall episodes. Fewer occurrences of strong sandstorms in the place of origin were observed in 2005, due largely to the accumulation of snow and mild fluctuations of high and low pressure systems in the place of origin, thereby accounting for a low frequency of dustfall episodes in Korea, compared with those during the period 1997-2005. A total of 7 dustfall episodes were monitored in Korea in 2005 that lasted 11 days. In summer, sandstorms occurred less frequently in the source region in 2005 due to high humidity and milder winds, thereby causing no dustfall episodes in Korea. In case the sandstorms occurring at the place of source head directly to Korea without passing through large cities and industrial areas of China, the PM2.5 concentrations were measured at 20% or lower than the PM10 concentrations. However, when the sandstorms headed to Korea via the industrial areas of eastern China, where they pick up anthropogenic air pollutants, the PM2.5 concentrations were at least 25% higher of the PM10 concentrations. On the other hand, over 5 cases were observed and analyzed in 2005 where the PM10 concentrations of sand dust originating from the deserts were measured at $190{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$ or lower, falling short of the level of a dustfall episode.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 2017

Purpose: To evaluate the image quality improvement and dosimetric effects on virtual monochromatic images of a Dual Source-Dual Energy CT(DS-DECT) for radiotherapy planning. Materials and Methods: Dual energy(80/Sn 140 kVp) and single energy(120 kVp) scans were obtained with dual source CT scanner. Virtual monochromatic images were reconstructed at 40-140 keV for the catphan phantom study. The solid water-equivalent phantom for dosimetry performs an analytical calculation, which is implemented in TPS, of a 10 MV, $10{\times}10cm^2$ photon beam incident into the solid phantom with the existence of stainless steel. The dose profiles along the central axis at depths were discussed. The dosimetric consequences in computed treatment plans were evaluated based on polychromatic images at 120 kVp. Results: The magnitude of differences was large at lower monochromatic energy levels. The measurements at over 70 keV shows stable HU for polystyrene, acrylic. For CT to ED conversion curve, the shape of the curve at 120 kVp was close to that at 80 keV. 105 keV virtual monochromatic images were more successful than other energies at reducing streak artifacts, which some residual artifacts remained in the corrected image. The dose-calculation variations in radiotherapy treatment planning do not exceed ${\pm}0.7%$. Conclusion: Radiation doses with dual energy CT imaging can be lower than those with single energy CT imaging. The virtual monochromatic images were useful for the revision of CT number, which can be improved for target coverage and electron densities distribution.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1245-1251
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• 2011

As a result of the growing livestock industry, varieties of organic solid and waste biomass are be generated in swine breeding and slaughtering stages. Anaerobic digestion is a promising alternative for the treatment of livestock waste biomass, as well as for the material recovery and energy production. Objectives of this study were to analyze the biochemical methane potential of swine waste biomasses that were generated from swine pen and slaughterhouse and to investigate the material recovery and methane yield per head. As pig waste biomass, swine slurry, blood, intestine residue, and digestive tract content were collected for investigation from pig farmhouse and slaughterhouse. The $B_{th}$ (Theoretical methane potential) and $B_0$ (Biochemical methane potential) of swine slurry generating in swine breeding stage were 0.525 and $0.360Nm^3\;kg^{-1}-VS_{added}$, the ratio of degradation ($B_0/B_{th}$) was 68.6%. $B_{th}$ of blood, intestine residue, and digestive tract content were 0.539, 0.664, and $0.517Nm^3\;kg^{-1}-VS_{added}$, and $B_0$ were 0.405, 0.213, and $0.240Nm^3\;kg^{-1}-VS_{added}$, respectively. And the ratio of degradation showed 75.1, 32.1, and 46.4% in blood, intestine residue, and digestive tract content. Material yield of swine waste biomass was calculated as TS 73.79, VS 46.75, TN 5.58, $P_2O_5$ 1.94, and $K_2O$ $2.91kg\;head^{-1}$. And methane yield was $16.58Nm^3\;head^{-1}$. In the aspect that slaughterhouse is a large point source of waste biomass, while swine farmhouse is non-point source, the feasibility of an anaerobic digestion using the slaughtering waste biomass need to be assessed in the economical aspect between the waste treatment cost and the profitable effect by methane production.