• Advances in Computational Design
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.173-188
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• 2022

In modern buildings, glass is considered a structurally unsafe material due to its brittleness and unpredictable failure behavior. The possible use of structural glass elements (i.e., floors, beams and columns) is generally prevented by its poor tensile strength and a frequent occurrence of brittle failures. In this study an innovative modelling based on an equivalent thickness concept of laminated glass beam reinforced with FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer) composite material and of glass plates punched is presented. In particular, the novel numerical modelling applied to an embedding Carbon FRP-rod in the interlayer of a laminated structural glass beam is considered in order to increase both its failure strength, together with its post-failure strength and ductility. The proposed equivalent modelling of different specimens enables us to carefully evaluate the effects of this reinforcement. Both the responses of the reinforced beam and un-reinforced one are evaluated, and the corresponding results are compared and discussed. A novel equivalent modelling for reinforced glass beams using FRP composites is presented for FEM analyses in modern material components and proved estimations of the expected performance are provided. Moreover, the new suggested numerical analysis is also applied to laminated glass plates with wide holes at both ends for the technological reasons necessary to connect a glass beam to a structure. Obtained results are compared with an integer specimen. Experimental considerations are reported.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.861-867
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• 2015

The Compact Tension (CT) type test was performed in order to evaluate the fracture toughness performance of glass fiber-reinforced laminated timber. Glass fiber textile and sheet Glass fiber reinforced plastic were used as reinforcement. The reinforced laminated timber was formed by inserting and laminating the reinforcement between laminated woods. Compact tension samples are produced under ASTM D5045. The sample length was determined by taking account of the end distance of 7D, and bolt holes (12 mm, 16 mm, 20 mm) had been made at the end of artificial notches in advance. The fracture toughness load of sheet fiberglass reinforced plastic reinforced laminated timber was increased 33 % in comparison to unreinforced laminated timber while the glass fiber textile reinforced laminated timber was increased 152 %. According to Double Cantilever Beam theory, the stress intensity factor was 1.08~1.38 for sheet glass fiber reinforced plastic reinforced laminated timber and 1.38~1.86 for glass fiber textile reinforced laminated timber, respectively. That was because, for the glass fiber textile reinforced laminated timber, the fiber array direction of glass fiber and laminated wood orthogonal to each other suppressed the split propagation in the wood.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.519-530
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• 2023

This paper presents a mathematical model suitable for the calculation of laminated glass, i.e. glass plates combined with an interlayer material. The model is based on a beam differential equation for each glass plate and a separate differential equation for the slip in the interlayer. In addition to slip, the model takes into account prestressing force in the interlayer. It is possible to combine the two contributions arbitrarily, which is important because the glass sheet fabrication process changes the stiffness of the interlayer in ways that are not easily predictable and could introduce prestressing of varying magnitude. The model is suitable for reformulation into an inverse procedure for calculation of the relevant parameters. Model consisting of a system of differential-algebraic equations, proved too stiff for cases with the thin interlayer. This novel approach covers the full range of possible stiffnesses of layered glass sheets, i.e., from zero to infinite stiffness of the interlayer. The comparison of numerical and experimental results contributes to the validation of the model.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.282-289
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• 2014

After being laminated with a combination of glass fiber reinforced plastic and plywood, the GFRP laminated plate was densificated for 1 hour at $150^{\circ}C$ with pressure of $1.96N/mm^2$. A partial reinforced beam was produced by attaching the 5 GFRP laminated plates to the joint of glulam and the column. In addition, the column to beam joint was produced by using reinforced laminated wooden pin which was made of GFRP sheet and plywood, fiber glass reinforced cylindrical-LVL column. The joint was made of round log, glulam and drift pin as the reference specimen, and its moment resistance was evaluated. As a result, the strength performance of specimens with partial reinforced beams were 1.8 times stronger than the reference specimen on average. Furthermore, rupture was neither occurred on partial reinforced beam nor column. Toughness and stiffness of joints were also fine. The GFRP sheet reinforced laminated plate showed better reinforcement effect than GFRP textile reinforced one. GFRP sheet was inserted into each layer of laminate, and it showed good condition in rotation-angle and strength, therefore it is the most appropriate to reinforce the part of the beam.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.501-514
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• 2018

The paper presents the thermo-mechanically induced non-linear response of multiwall carbon nanotube reinforced laminated composite beam (MWCNTRCB) supported by elastic foundation using higher order shear deformation theory and von-Karman non-linear kinematics. The elastic properties of MWCNT reinforced composites are evaluated using Halpin-Tsai model by considering MWCNT reinforced polymer matrix as new matrix by dispersing in it and then reinforced with E-glass fiber in an orthotropic manner. The laminated beam is supported by Pasternak elastic foundation with Winkler cubic nonlinearity. A generalized static analysis is formulated using finite element method (FEM) through principle of minimum potential energy approach.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.781-794
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• 2016

Due to its relatively good safety performance and aesthetic benefits, laminated glass (LG) is increasingly being used as load-carrying members in modern buildings. This paper presents an experimental study into one applicational scenario of structural LG subjected to in-plane bending. The aim of the study is to reveal the in-plane behaviors of the LG beams made up of multi-layered glass sheets. The LG specimens respectively consisted of two, three and four plies of glass, bonded together by two prominent adhesives. A total of 26 tests were carried out. From these tests, the structural behaviors in terms of flexural stiffness, load resistance and post-breakage strength were studied in detail, whilst considering the influence of interlayer type, cross-sectional interlayer percentage and presence of shear forces. Based on the test results, analytical suggestions were made, failure modes were identified, corresponding failure mechanisms were discussed, and a rational engineering model was proposed to predict the post-breakage strength of the LG beams. The results obtained are expected to provide useful information for academic and engineering professionals in the analysis and design of LG beams bending in-plane.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.111-130
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• 2014

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the beam aspect ratio(L/h), hole diameter, hole location and stacking layer sequence ($[0/45/-45/90]_s$, $[45/0/-45/90]_s$ and $[90/45/-45/0]_s$) on natural frequencies of glass/epoxy perforated beams under room and high (40, 60, 80, and $100^{\circ}C$) temperatures for the common clamped-free boundary conditions (cantilever beam). The first three out of plane bending free vibration of symmetric laminated beams is studied by Timoshenko's first order shear deformation theory. For the numerical analyses, ANSYS 13.0 software package is utilized. The results show that the hole diameter, stacking layer sequence and hole location have important effect especially on the second and third mode natural frequency values for the short beams and the high temperatures affects the natural frequency values significantly. The results are presented in tabular and graphical form.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.66 no.5
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• pp.631-636
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• 2018

This study aims to investigate the flexural behaviour of glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) laminated hybrid fibre reinforced concrete (HFRC) beams. The flexural and ductility performance of GFRP laminated HFRC beams having different proportions of polyolefin and steel fibres with 1.0% of total volume fraction were investigated. The parameters of this investigation included: load and deflection at first crack, yield, and ultimate stages, ductility and crack width. A total of seven beams of $150{\times}250mm$ in cross-section were tested in the laboratory over an effective span of 2800 mm. One reinforced concrete (RC) beam without any internal or external GFRP was taken as the reference beam. Of the remaining six beams, one beam was strengthened with GFRP, one beam with 100% steel fibres was strengthened with GFRP and four beams, each with different volume proportions of polyolefin and steel fibres (20:80, 30:70, 40:60, 50:50) were strengthened with GFRP. All the above beams were tested until failure. The experimental results show that a fibre volume proportion of 40:60 (polyolefin-steel) has significantly improved the overall performance of the tested beams.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.571-578
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• 2014

As a way of developing wooden joint development, a glass fiber reinforced wood plate was manufactured to replace a steel plate. Also, the fracture toughness was evaluated. Through application to a cantilever-type specimen made of a column and a beam, the moment resistance performance was evaluated. For the fracture toughness specimen of the wood plate, 12 types were manufactured by varying the combination of a main member (veneer and plywood) and reinforcement (glass fiber sheet and glass fiber cloth). The results of the fracture toughness test indicated that the 5% yield load of the specimen using plywood was 18% higher than that of the specimen using veneer, and that the specimen reinforced by inserting glass fiber sheets between testing materials (Type-3-PS) had the highest average 5% yield load 4841 N. Thus, a moment resistance strength test was performed by applying Type-3-PS to a column-beam joint. The results of the test indicated that compared to the specimen using a steel plate and a drift pin (Type-A), the maximum moment ratio of the specimen using a glass fiber reinforced wood plate (Type-3-PS) and a drift pin (Type-B) was 0.79; and that a rupture occurred in the wood plate due to high stiffness of the drift pin. The maximum moment ratio of the specimen using a glass fiber reinforced wood plate (Type-3-PS) and a glass fiber reinforced wooden laminated pin (Type-C) was 0.67, which showed low performance. However, unlike Type-A, a ductile fracture occurred on Type-C, and the load gradually decreased even after the maximum moment.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.87 no.6
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• pp.529-540
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• 2023

A novel laminated-hybrid-composite-beam (LHCB) of glass-epoxy infused with flyash and graphene is constructed for this study. The conventional mixture-rule and constitutive-relationship are modified to incorporate filler and lamina orientation. Eringen's non-local-theory is used to include the filler effect. Hamilton's principle based on fifth-order-layer-wise-shear-deformation-theory is applied to formulate the equation of motion. The analogous shear-spring-models for LHCB with multiple-cracks are employed in finite-element-analysis (FEA). Modal-experimentations are conducted (B&K-analyser) and the findings are compared with theoretical and FEA results. In terms of dimensionless relative-natural-frequencies (RNF), the dynamic-response in cantilevered support is investigated for various relative-crack-severities (RCSs) and relative-crack-positions (RCPs). The increase of RCS increases local-flexibility in LHCB thus reductions in RNFs are observed. RCP is found to play an important role, cracks present near the end-support cause an abrupt drop in RNFs. Further, multiple cracks are observed to enhance the nonlinearity of LHCB strength. Introduction of the first to third crack in an intact LHCB results drop of RNFs by 8%, 10%, and 11.5% correspondingly. Also, it is demonstrated that the RNF varies because of the lamina-orientation, and filler addition. For 0° lamina-orientation the RNF is maximum. Similarly, it is studied that the addition of graphene reduces weight and increases the stiffness of LHCB in contrast to the addition of flyash. Additionally, the response of LHCB to moving mass is accessed by appropriately modifying the numerical programs, and it is noted that the successive introduction of the first to ninth crack results in an approximately 40% to 120% increase in the dynamic-amplitude-ratio.