• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.12 no.sup1
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• pp.111-117
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• 2009

Constipation is one of the most common symptoms that a child visits pediatrician. The general approach to the child with functional constipation includes the following steps; disimpaction, maintenance and withdrawal of medication. There are many drugs which can be applied to children; osmotic agents (lactulose, sorbitol, magnesium hydroxide/citrate, polyethylene glycol with/without electrolytes, sodium phosphate, glycerin), stimulants (senna, bisacodyl, caster oil), lubricant (mineral oil), bulking agent (psyllium, cellulose, glucomannan). At each stage of treatment, one or some of these drug can be applied to the purpose. The author tries to summarize recent studies on drugs for constipation in child, and finally introduces new dugs for constipation which is under investigation.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1295-1303
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• 2013

According to facts revealed up until the present, there are a total of 68 known phyla on earth, including 55 phyla of bacteria and 13 phyla of archaea. The human large intestine has 9 phyla of microorganisms, which is a relatively lower diversity compared to the general environments of soil or sea. The diversity of intestinal microorganisms is affected by the characteristics of the host (genetic background, sex, age, immune system, and gut motility), the diet (non-digestible carbohydrates, fat, prebiotics, probiotics), and the intake of antibiotics, which in turn have an effect on energy storage processes, gene expressions, and even metabolic diseases like obesity. Probiotics are referred to as living microorganisms that improve the intestinal microbiota and contribute to the health of the host; in addition, probiotics usually comprise lactic acid bacteria. Recently, bacteriotherapy using probiotics has been utilized to treat sicknesses like diarrhea and irritable bowel syndrome. Prebiotics are a food ingredient which can selectively adjust intestinal microorganisms and which comprise inulin, fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and lactulose. In recent days, attention has been paid to the use of dietary cellulose in the large intestine and the production of short chain fatty acids (short-chain fatty acids) in relation to obesity and anticancer. More research into microorganisms in the large intestine is necessary to identify specific microorganism species, which are adjusted by diverse non-digestible carbohydrates, prebiotics, and probiotics in the large intestine and to understand the connection between sicknesses and metabolites like short chain fatty acids produced by these microorganism species.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.55-60
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• 2019

Colibacillosis is one of the major health problems in young piglets resulting in poor health and death caused by Escherichia coli producing F18 pili and Shiga toxin 2e. It is pivotal to reduce colibacillosis in weaned piglets to enhance production performance. In this study, we evaluated synbiotics as the gut health improvement agents in the mouse model challenged with Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) isolated from piglets. Prebiotic lactulose was formulated with each $5.0{\times}10^6CFU/mL$ of Pediococcus acidilactici GB-U15, Lactobacillus plantarum GB-U17, and Lactobacillus plantarum GB 1-3 to produce 3 combinations of synbiotics. A total of 40 three weeks old BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n = 10): a control group and 3 synbiotics treated groups. Each treatment groups were daily administrated with $5.0{\times}10^6CFU/mL$ of one synbiotics for the first week, and every 3 days during the second week. All the mice were challenged with $8.0{\times}10^8CFU/mL$ of STEC 5 days after animals began to receive synbiotics. Mice treated with synbiotics based on Pediococcus acidilactici GB-U15 and Lactobacillus plantarum GB-U17 significantly improved daily weight gain compared to mice in other groups. While mice treated with GB-U15 showed better fecal index, no significant differences were observed among groups. Gross lesion and histopathological evaluations showed that mice treated with GB-U15 moderately improved recovery from STEC infection. In conclusion, our results suggest that the synbiotics formulated with lactulose and Pediococcus acidilactici GB-U15 have potential benefits to prevent and improve colibacillosis in weaned piglets.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.351-355
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• 1995

The fecal tryptophanase activities were $0.267{\pm}0.10$ for rats and $0.185{\pm}0.01{\;}{\mu}mole/min/g$ wet feces for humans. The activities of indole pyruvate degradation to indole, indole pyruvate lyase, of these feces were $0.051{\pm}0.02$ and $0.046{\pm}0.01{\;}{\mu}mole/min/g$ wet feces, respectively. The optimal pH values of tryptophanase and indole pyruvate lyase were 5.5-7.5 and 5.5-6.5, respectively. When the intestinal flora or E. coli HGU-3 was cultured in GAM broth having six different pH values (5 to 10), the activities of tryptophanase and indole pyruvate IYilse in the medium adjusted at pH 6 were dramatically induced by elevating the pH to 9. However, when intestinal microflora were inoculated in the medium containing lactulose, the pro¬ductions of these enzymes were dramatically inhibited and the pH of the medium was lower than that of the control.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.385-388
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• 2015

Three cases of hepatic encephalopathy were diagnosed in scimitar-horned oryxs housed at a zoo. Administration of amino acid and ornithine-aspartate fluid therapy via an intravenous injection decreased serum levels of ammonia and liver enzymes in cases 1 and 2. Further, additional oral ingestion of non-absorbable disaccharide lactulose to eliminate intestinal nitrogenous products enabled recovery of two oryxs. However, in case 3, the serum levels of ammonia and liver enzymes increased even after treatment, and the oryx died. Necropsy revealed cecum and colon compaction due to stiff dried feces, and this condition could have an adverse effect on increased blood ammonia levels that may have caused mortality. Overconsumption of pellets may have been the primary cause of hepatic encephalopathy. Thus, a fiber rich diet with decreased amount of pellets is needed to prevent hepatic encephalopathy, since the normal diet of scimitar-horned oryxs is rich in fiber.

• BMB Reports
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.400-405
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• 2006

A 16-month old boy was referred to our hospital for evaluation of recurrent generalized tonic clonic seizures. Metabolic evaluation revealed significant hyperammonemia ($1,112\;{\mu}g/dl$). Amino acid/acylcarnitine screening using tandem mass spectrometry showed markedly increased plasma levels of citrulline ($1,350\;{\mu}M/l$) with undetectable levels of arginine and arginosuccinic acid. Urinary excretion of citrulline was markedly increased ($38,617\;{\mu}M/g$ creatinine). Brain MRI findings showed diffuse high-signal intensity lesions, that involved gray and white matter in both frontal lobes and insula with edematous changes; these findings were consistent with the acute stage of citrullinemia (CTLN). Mutation analysis of the argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) gene, in this patient, showed a Gly324Ser mutation in exon 13, and a 67-bp duplication mutation in exon 15 (c.1128-6_1188dup67). The patient was confirmed as having late-onset CTLN1 and treated with anticonvulsants, lactulose enema, protein restricted diet and arginine. Here we describe a case of late-onset CTLN1 in a patient by biochemical analyses and ASS gene mutation confirmation. This is the first report of a Korean patient with late-onset CTLN1 confirmed by ASS gene mutation identification.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.316-318
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• 2014

A 3-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat was presented with a chief complaint of sudden onset of intermittent seizures occurring five times a day. Physical examination revealed the copper colored iris and loss of menace response at both eyes. Abnormalities of blood works and serum chemistry revealed mild erythrocytosis, severe microcytosis, and threefold increase in ALT activity. Additional liver function tests results were increased bile acid and $NH_3$ concentration. Radiographic study revealed multifocal nodules of the liver and an extrahepatic shunt was noted by ultraonography, which was confirmed by computed tomography as multiple extrahepatic shunts. The cat was scheduled for surgery applying an ameloid ring to occlude the shunt gradually. Diazepam and lactulose were instituted to the patient. However, clinical signs worsened despite medical management with shortened interval of seizures and the patient died due to cardiac arrest.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.376-379
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• 2013

A four-week-old female Scottish Fold cat weighting 0.6 kg was admitted for vaccination. During the physical examination, the liquid feces were observed from the vulva and the anus was imperforate. The location of a narrow fistula and distended colon were identified on the contrast radiography. Definitive diagnosis was made as type III atresia ani with rectovaginal fistula. Anal reconstruction and ligation of the fistula were successfully undertaken to treat atresia ani. After surgery, the cat was treated with lactulose and a special diet consisting of high fiber was fed to increase digestibility. The cat was able to control defecation after 2 weeks post-operation. There was no complication for 8 months after surgery.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.28-30
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• 2013

A 66-year-old male with chronic alcoholism presented with tremor, gait disturbance, memory impairment, insomnia, decreased appetite, and confusion. The patient had been taking lithium daily for treatment of bipolar disorder. Brain CT showed no specific abnormality, and serum lithium and ammonia levels were 3.63 mEq/L (therapeutic range, 0.6~1.2 mEq/L) and $85{\mu}g/dL$ (reference range: $19{\sim}54{\mu}g/dL$), respectively. Therefore, the initial differential diagnosis included chronic lithium intoxication, hepatic encephalopathy, Wernicke encephalopathy, or alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Even with the provision of adequate hydration, the patient's neurologic status did not show improvement, so that lactulose enema, thiamine replacement, and continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) were started on the third admission day. By the fifth admission day he had made a rapid neurologic recovery, and was discharged on the 20th admission day. Therefore, CVVHDF might be a treatment for patients with chronic lithium intoxication, because, even if serum lithium concentration is normal, lithium concentration in the brain may be different from that of the serum.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.1199-1208
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• 2023

Objective: The purpose of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of metabolite levels in serum and milk obtained from cows fed on different concentrate to forage feed ratios. Methods: Eight lactating Holstein cows were divided into two groups: a high forage ratio diet (HF; 80% Italian ryegrass and 20% concentrate of daily intake of dry matter) group and a high concentrate diet (HC; 20% Italian ryegrass and 80% concentrate) group. Blood was collected from the jugular vein, and milk was sampled using a milking machine. Metabolite levels in serum and milk were estimated using proton nuclear magnetic resonance and subjected to qualitative and quantitative analyses performed using Chenomx 8.4. For statistical analysis, Student's t-test and multivariate analysis were performed using Metaboanalyst 4.0. Results: In the principal component analysis, a clear distinction between the two groups regarding milk metabolites while serum metabolites were shown in similar. In serum, 95 metabolites were identified, and 13 metabolites (include leucine, lactulose, glucose, betaine, etc.) showed significant differences between the two groups. In milk, 122 metabolites were identified, and 20 metabolites (include urea, carnitine, acetate, butyrate, arabinitol, etc.) showed significant differences. Conclusion: Our results show that different concentrate to forage feed ratios impact the metabolite levels in the serum and milk of lactating Holstein cows. A higher number of metabolites in milk, including those associated with milk fat synthesis and the presence of Escherichia coli in the rumen, differed between the two groups compared to that in the serum. The results of this study provide a useful insight into the metabolites associated with different concentrate to forge feed ratios in cows and may aid in the search for potential biomarkers for subacute ruminal acidosis.