• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.77-86
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• 1991

Changes in total lipid content. total cholesterol content and fatty acid composition of human milk were investigated longitudinaly from 2-5 days to 12 weeks postpartum Milk samples were collected from 19 Korean lactating women at 2-5 days and at 1. 2. 4. 6. and 12 weeks postpartum. The obtained results were as follows : On average the daily energy intake protein intake and fat intake of Korean lactating women was 1812 kcal 72.5g and 29.8g respectively. The composition ratio of energy consis-ting of protein fat and carbohydrate was 16:15:69 The total lipid content increased from 1.39g/이 at 2-5 days to 2.86g/dl at 12 weeks ; while the total cholesterol concentration (mg/g) decreased significantly with time following postpartum. The total unsaturated fatty acids content was higher in colostrum than in mature milk. and the total saturated fatty acids were higher in mature milk. The average DHA content was 0.55% and the P/S ratio of human milk lipids was 0.37.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 1999

In order to investigate the longitudinal changes on zinc secretion of lactating women and zinc intake of breast-fed infants, we examined 20 lactating women(10 primipare and 10 multipare) and their infants during the first 90 days postpartum. We measured the consumed volume of human milk by test-weighing method and zinc concentration by atomic absorption spectophotometry after wet digestion. Weight gain of infants was -5.7, 54.1, 46.3, 42.0 and 32.3g/day at 7, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days postpartum, respectively. The secretion volume of human milk was 527, 608, 724, 841 and 798g/day respectively. The consumed volume of human milk of breast-fed infants was 432, 503, 603, 715 and 715g/day. The intake level of breast milk to secretion volume reached 85.0% in average. The zinc concentration of the milk was 4.29, 3.32, 2.52, 1.62 and 1.18mg/l, and the zinc intake of breast-fed infants was 1.80, 1.69, 1.45, 1.15 and 0.70mg/day. Zine intake per body weight of infants averaged 0.32mg/kg/day during the first 90 days postpartum. The average zinc intake of breast-fed infants was 1.36mg/day, which is 27.2% of the recommended daily allowance for 0-4-month-old infants.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.405-413
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• 1993

The longitudinal changes on human milk volume of 27 Korean lactating women (primiparae=10, multiparac=17) from 0.5 to 6 months after parturition have been studied by test-weighing method in Cheongju and Anseong area. The human milk volume per day increased to 2 months postpartum, and then decreased during lactation. The mean volume(g/day) at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 months were 634, 810, 847, 840, 844, 810, and 732g, respectively. The average volume were 791 ($\pm$149) and 786($\pm$131)g for primiparae and multiparae, respectively. The overall mean volume was 788$\pm$135g/day. The distributions of the individual mean volume during the first 6 months of lactation were found 450~549g(3.7%), 550~649g(11.1%), 650~749g(22.2%), 750~849%(37.1%), 850~949g(18.6%), 950~1049g(3.7%), and 1050~1149g(3.7%). The mean volume between primiparae and multiparase was significantly lower than other periods. The peak milk volume during the lactation was observed at 3 months postpartum for primiparae(40%), 2 months postpartum for multiparae(35.3%), and 2 months postpartum for total lactating women(29.6%). The volume of human milk had a significant positive correlation with peak volume and infant milk intake, but no correlation with maternal age, weight before delivery, height, and birth weight.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.31-47
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• 2018

The purpose of this research was to provide basic information for cookies made with black soybeans, chick peas, lentils, oatmeal, and brewer's yeast and to establish the optimum formula for the development of low glycemic index (GI) cookies with high biotin content for lactating women. This study was performed to determine the optimal composite recipe of oatmeal cookies with two different concentrations levels of bean powder (black soybeans, chick peas, lentils) and brewer's yeast using a central composite design. In addition, the mixing conditions of oatmeal cookies were optimized using response surface methodology of sensory evaluation and mechanical and physicochemical analysis. As a result, mechanical and physicochemical analyses showed significant values for lightness, redness, yellowness, hardness, and water content (P<0.05), while sensory evaluation showed significant values for flavor, taste, crispness, and overall acceptability (P<0.05). The optimal sensory combination was suggested to be 3.73 g of bean powder and 1.59 g of brewer's yeast. Considering all outcomes obtained throughout the experiments, brewer's yeast, black soybeans, chick peas, lentils, and oatmeal are suitable ingredients for increasing functionality and consumer acceptability of cookies. In addition, these results are expected to be useful in producing cookies of optimal quality, contributing to the development of various nutritious foods, and improving the food industry for lactating women.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.232-243
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• 2017

Although several supplementary foods are available for pregnant and lactating women, there is a need for foods able to maintain a woman's beauty without any changes in body shape. In this study, four questionnaires about nutrition management, skin care, body shape, and the intent of purchasing beauty supplementary foods, were prepared for an online survey (http://pms8011.wixsite.com/project). A total of 95 answers from 293 women were classified into four groups, based on age, income, occupation, and skin type. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS/WIN Program 22.0. The significances of the F-value analyzed by one-way ANOVA and the differences within the groups were verified by Scheffe's method. All groups were shown to have very high requirements for nutrition management and beauty standards. In the skin patterns, the groups of middle-aged women, house wife and the lower income showed high interests, with a high significance (P<0.01) in ages. With respect to body shape, significant interest was found within the groups of skin type (P<0.05) and age (P<0.001). With regard to supplementary foods, all groups showed a strong intention to purchase, but no significant differences were found. This study indicates the necessity to categorize supplementary foods by the intended target group, such as women planning to conceive, pregnant women, and lactating women.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.64-69
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to measure fat-soluble vitamins and minerals in breast milk of Korean lactating mothers who exclusively breastfed their babies. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Breast milk samples were collected from 334 mothers. Concentrations of retinol and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet spectrometry while concentrations of minerals were measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. RESULTS: Retinol and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol contents of breast milk were $39.58{\pm}19.64{\mu}g/dL$ and $0.23{\pm}0.13mg/dL$, respectively. Average sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium levels in breast milk were $11.11{\pm}5.16$, $38.56{\pm}9.01$, $27.87{\pm}6.10$, $13.56{\pm}3.30$, and $3.05{\pm}0.65mg/dL$, respectively. Contents of trace elements such as iron, zinc, copper, and manganese were $40.26{\pm}46.21$, $98.40{\pm}62.47$, $24.09{\pm}9.03$, and $0.90{\pm}1.63{\mu}g/dL$, respectively. Fat-soluble vitamin concentration was positively correlated with total fat in milk samples, but no significant differences were observed in levels of retinol, ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, or minerals based on whether or not lactating women were taking dietary supplements. CONCLUSIONS: Micronutrient contents of breast milk samples from Korean lactating women were comparable to those of other nations. Retinol and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol levels were correlated and also with total fat in breast milk.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.3077-3082
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• 2012

Aim: The incidence of biliary tract cancer (BTC) is many-fold higher for American Indians (AI) relative to non-Hispanic whites (NHW). Neither gallstones nor genetics can account for this difference. There is speculation that certain fatty acids in bile may play a role in preventing BTC. Since diet may influence composition of bile, we compared the dietary intakes of urban AI and NHW adult women in New Mexico. Methods: Design, a cross-sectional study of the diets of lactating AI and NHW women was conducted. Setting, the University of New Mexico Hospital. Participants, healthy lactating women 18 to 39 years of age were recruited. Main outcome measures, a three-day diet record for each participant was analyzed. Results: The AI women consumed less calcium (p = 0.04) and significantly less short and intermediate chain-length fatty acids (C4-C12), but nearly twice as much proinflammatory arachidonic acid as the NHWs (p <0.01). The intake of dairy products by AI women was less than NHW women (p = 0.01) while the intake of processed meat products was higher (p <0.01). Conclusion: Dietary factors may account for the difference in the risk of BTC between AI and NHW women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.188-191
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• 1996

This study was undertaken to determine the effects of fish oil supplementation with low dose on the lipid content and fatty acid composition of breast milk. Among 18 lactating women who were exclusively breast-fed their babies, 6 were in control group and 12 were in fish lil groups. The subjects in fish oil groups were supplemented with 1.96g/d or 3.92g/d of fish oil for 2 weeks from 10 to 12 weeks of postpartum. All subjects consumed their usual diet at home. Breast milk samples were collected at the final day of experiment. By fish oil supplementation, the concentrations of triglyceride, cholesterol, free fatty acid and phospholipid as well as total lipid in breast milk tended to increase, but not significant. There was no dose-dependent response. The fatty acid composition of breast milk was not changed by fish oil supplementation. These results suggest that low dose of fish oil supplementation may increase of lipid content, but does not affect on the fatty acid composition of breast milk.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.899-907
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• 1996

This study was conducted to examine how Korean women mange energy metabolism during lactation. Eighteen women recruited were healthy, had normal pregnancies and were required to breast-feed their babies exclusively for at least 12wks. During the study period, all subjects were visited and interviewed five times : 3d, 9d, 4wk, 8wk, and 12wk lactation. Body composition variables were analyzed by a bioelectrical impedance method, energy intakes were assessed by using the inventory-weighing method, energy expenditure were determined by recording daily activities, and milk energy output was investigated from the amount of milk production and the gross energy content of milk. The subjects consumed less energy than current recommended allowance all over the study period, but compatible with fairly adequate lactational performance. They responded the additional energy stress of lactation by enhancing metabolic efficiency, increasing energy intakes, reduction physical activities and mobilizing body reserves. Another finding in this study was that the reduction in body fat-free mass may be the one way that women meet the energy demands of lactation like the reduction in body fat mass. The results from this study suggest that current recommended additional energy need during lactation, 2.09MJ/d(500kcal/d), is too high for healthy Korean women. Our data also indicate that the changes of body composition and energy balance at earlier postpartum are extremely different from those at later periods.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.327-337
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• 2006

The major purpose of this study was to develop the nutrition education contents and material through the basic data from the service provider and the consumer. And also, to find out the differences of attitude and needs between the service provider (SP breastfeeding specialist), present consumer (PC, pregnant or lactating women) and future consumer (FC, college women). There were types of questionnaires, which consisted of needs and attitudes toward child and maternal nutrition, as well as the personal characteristics of the study subjects. The subjects consisted of 113 breastfeeding specialists who served at medical related institutions, 197 pregnant or lactating women and 309 college women. The self-administered questionnaires from subjects were collected from October to November 2005 in Seoul and Kyunggi Province. The data was analysed by SPSS Win 12.0, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test. The results of this study were as following: 1) The most Important determining factors on breastfeeding was 'medical specialist's support' (3.51) and the next one was 'knowledge of maternity care practice' (3.39). And the importance score of determinating factors on breastfeeding was significantly different between each group (p < 0.001). The groups of consumer (3.50 at PC and 3.59 at FC) considered the service provider (3.32) more important. The service providers considered a more effective determining factor to be 'husband and family support' and 'peer support' than the others (p <0.001). 2) To compare the effective factors of breastfeeding practices between the three groups, the service providers were more significantly considered than the otters such as 'attendance of intervention program' (p < 0.001). But the PC group considered the most effective factors wis 'mother's job after delivery'. 3) The self-evaluated score of the breastfeeding knowledge was the most high in SP; the score was significantly different between groups. The knowledge score of nutritional aspects in human milk was most highly evaluated. But maternity care practice and public acceptance marked the lower evaluation score than other issues. 4) The desirable types of educational material was mass media, and the next was printed matter such as booklets. Two kinds if consumers preferred DVD or VCR tapes than and the service provider group (p < 0.001). 5) The priority contents of nutrition service PC group wanted the information about infant care more than maternal care (p < 0.05), but FC group's priority was significantly different compared with PC group (p < 0.001). The priority of SP group pointed out the information of practical child care methods. The results showed the needs of nutrition service, education channels, and perception toward effective factors on consumer behavior changes were significantly different between each group. Thus the result of this study may suggest that consumer oriented nutrition service programs must be developed.