• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.432-442
• /
• 2011

Climatic variables such as temperature and precipitation tend to vary both in space and in time simultaneously. Thus, it is necessary to include space-time autocorrelation into conventional spatial interpolation methods for reliable time-series mapping. This paper introduces and applies space-time variogram modeling and space-time kriging to generate time-series temperature maps using hourly Automatic Weather System(AWS) temperature observation data for a one-month period. First, temperature observation data are decomposed into deterministic trend and stochastic residual components. For trend component modeling, elevation data which have reasonable correlation with temperature are used as secondary information to generate trend component with topographic effects. Then, space-time variograms of residual components are estimated and modelled by using a product-sum space-time variogram model to account for not only autocorrelation both in space and in time, but also their interactions. From a case study, space-time kriging outperforms both conventional space only ordinary kriging and regression-kriging, which indicates the importance of using space-time autocorrelation information as well as elevation data. It is expected that space-time kriging would be a useful tool when a space-poor but time-rich dataset is analyzed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
• /
• 2005.06a
• /
• pp.387-392
• /
• 2005

Double-deck train have studied in the next generation train in KRRI. Double-deck train have more seat capacities compared with single deck vehicles and is a efficient, reliable and comfortable alternative train. Because of heavy weight, weight minimization of double-deck train carbody is imperative to reduce cost and extend life-time of train. Weight minimization problem of the double-deck train car-body is required to decide 66 design variables of thicknesses for large aluminum extruded panel while satisfying stress constraints. Design variables are too many and one execution of structural analysis of double-deck train carbody is time-consuming. Therefore, we adopt approximation technique to save computational cost of optimization process. Metamodels such as response surface model (RSM) and kriging model are used to approximate model-based optimization is described. RSM is easy to obtain and expressed explicit function, but this is not suitable for highly nonlinear and large scaled problems. Kriging model employs an interpolation scheme and is developed in the fields of spatial statistics and geostatistics. Target of this design is to find optimum thickness of AEP to minimize weight of doulbe-deck train carbody. In this study, meta model techniques are introduced to carry out weight minimization of a double-deck train car-body.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2009.05a
• /
• pp.948-952
• /
• 2009

면적평균강우량을 정확하게 추정하는 것은 수문조사 결과로 생성된 수위-유량관계곡선 검증을 위한 연간 유출율 및 유황분석 시에 매우 중요하다. 면적평균강우량을 산정하는 방법은 일반적으로 산술평균법, 티센법, 등우선법 등이 있는데, 최근 실무에서는 GIS Tool을 이용하여 티센다각형을 작도하고 가중치를 산정하여 관측소별 강우량을 유효강우량으로 변환하여 이용하거나, 평지 또는 좁은 유역의 경우 산술평균법을 적용하고 있다. 그러나 티센법은 지형적인 영향을 고려할 수없고, 산술평균법의 경우 우량계 밀도와 위치, 지형이 고려되지 못한다는 단점이 있기 때문에, 등우선법을 이용하여 면적평균강우량을 산정하는 것이 대부분 산악지역으로 이루어진 국내 현실에 가장 적합하다. 본 연구에서는 수문조사가 이루어지고 있는 낙동강 본류, 댐상류 등 13개 유역의 유역별 면적 평균강우량을 각각 산술평균법, 티센법, 등우선법을 이용하여 산정하였다. 등우선도의 작성을 위하여 관측소별 강우량을 역거리가중법(IDW), RBF, Kriging 기법을 이용하여 강우량의 공간보간을 실시하였으며, 등우선 간격의 영향을 검증하기 위하여 각 보간법 별 등우선 간격을 10mm, 50mm, 100mm로 분할하여 면적평균강우량을 산정하였다. 각 면적평균강우량 산정기법 및 등우선 간격별로 산정된 면적평균강우량을 비교하였고, 유역면적 등에 따른 면적평균강우량의 변화특성을 분석 하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
• /
• v.10 no.5
• /
• pp.117-124
• /
• 2011

Tire's performance plays important roles in improving vehicle's performances. Tire makers carry out a lot of research to improve tire's performance. They are making effort to meet multi purposes using various optimization methods. Recently, the tire makers perform the shape optimization using approximation models, which are surrogate models obtained by statistical method. Generally, the reason why we increase sampling points during optimization process, is to get more reliable approximation models, but the more we adopt sampling points, the more we need time to test. So it is important to select approximation model and proper number of sampling points to balance between reliability and time consuming. In this research, we studied to compare two kind cases for a approximation construction. First, we compare RSM and Kriging which are Curve Fitting Method and Interpolation Method, respectively. Second, we construct approximation models using three different number of sampling points. And then, we recommend proper approximation model and orthogonal array adopt tire's design optimization.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
• /
• v.12 no.6
• /
• pp.77-83
• /
• 2013

Orthodontics is a branch of dentistry that is concerned with the study and treatment of malocclusion, which may result from tooth irregularities, disproportionate jaw relationships, or both. Orthodontic devices consist of brackets, archwire connected to each bracket, and bends and hooks for auxiliary functions. Basically, orthodontics involves the interaction of brackets and archwire. It should be noted that uncontrolled tipping can occur due to unwanted movement of the teeth. The bending of an archwire can control the angle of an archwire and the rotation of a tooth. In this study, we predict the relationship between the bending angle of an archwire and the rotation of a tooth using the Kriging interpolation method. Also, we calculate the angle of an archwire that occurs at the minimum value of tooth rotation.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.65-70
• /
• 2004

This study was carried out to verify and predict the soil informations such as the contents of organic matter(OM) and Mg and pH of the soil. The predictability of spacial variation in the paddy field was examined by analyzing the various soil information. The prediction models for the OM pH, and Mg, were developed using inverse distance weighted (IDW), triangulated irregular network(TIN) and Kriging model. The determination of coefficients of linear and spherical Kriging models were 0.756 and 0.578, respectively, and were very low in comparison with other soil information. For IDW and TIN model, the determination of coefficients were 1.000 and hence the performance of the models was found to be excellent. The developed models were validated using unknown soil sample obtained In 2000 and 2001. From the analysis of relationship between the measured pH and predicted 0.9353. For prediction of Mg, the determination of coefficient is more than 0.8. Since the determination of coefficients of developed models for OM were relatively low, it may be difficult to predict the content of OM using the developed models. For further study, the additional works to enhance the performance of the prediction models for soil information are required.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.273-282
• /
• 1999

For appling the GSIS on a air environment division, first of all, spatial-distribution of environmental factor which has distinction of continuous surface such as air-pollutant and a factor of weather must be able to be drawn. So we should estimate a distribution of whole area with point observation value which is observed on several restricted point. On this study, we investigate and study the application of GSIS technique which can be visible emission characteristic by regions, items, and time using data such as traffic quantity data, digital map for GIS-T and emission factor of each pollutant of vehicles about whole area of Seoul surveyed by traffic sensus of Seoul to air environment division.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
• /
• v.17 no.6
• /
• pp.75-82
• /
• 2018

This study suggests an optimal design process of an LMU, which is installed on the top side of offshore structures. The LMU is consist of EB(elastomeric bearing) and steel plate, and supports the vertical loads of offshore structures and assists its stable installation. The structural design requirement of the LMU is related to its stiffness. This study utilizes the finite element analysis to predict the stiffness. The stiffness of the EB depends on the size of the bearing. Thus, the design variables in this study are defined as the thickness, the width and the number of plates. Since the LMU has different loads for different locations, its stiffness should be designed differently. The multiobjective function is introduced to attain the target stiffness. In this process, the metamodel using the kriging interpolation method is adopted to replace the true stiffness.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
• /
• v.40 no.4
• /
• pp.305-313
• /
• 2022

The evolution of the GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) technology has enhanced positioning performance in terms of positioning accuracy and time efficiency. The technology makes it possible to determine orthometric heights at a few centimeter accuracies by transforming accurate ellipsoid heights if an accurate geoid model has been employed. This study aims to generate a correction surface using GNSS/leveling co-points and a local geoid model, Thailand Geoid Model 2017 (TGM2017), through the Kriging interpolation method in a small local area. Combining the surface and TGM2017 significantly improves height transformation with the 1-cm RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) fit of 10 GNSS/leveling reference points and a mean offset of +0.1 cm. The evaluation of the correction surface at 5 GNSS/leveling checkpoints shows the RMSE of 1.0 cm, which is 82.6 percent of accuracy improvements. The GNSS leveling method can possibly be used to replace a conventional leveling technique at a few centimeter uncertainties in the case of small areas with clear-sky and high satellite visibility environments.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
• /
• v.30 no.1 s.107
• /
• pp.105-111
• /
• 2006

A LMTT (Linear Motor-based Transfer Technology) is a horizontal transfer system for the yard automation This system is based on PMLSM (Permanent Magnetic Linear Synchronous Motor) that consists of stator modules on the rail and shuttle car. In this research, the kriging interpolation method using sequential sampling is utilized to find the optimum design of a mover in LMTT. The design variables are considered as the transverse, longitudinal and wheel beam's thicknesses. The objective function is set up as weight, while the constant functions are set up as the stresses generated by four loading conditions. The optimum results obtained by the suggested method are compared with those determined by the GENESIS.