• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.178-187
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• 1999

The Cross rolling between flat jaws, as a kind of hot forging, is the forming method to make the axisymmetric multi-step shaft by its rotation and pressure between flat jaws which move in opposite direction. The purpose of this study is to propose the optimal geometric data for shape development of the forward forming region. All data described on this paper are quantified by experiment from initial shape design to final shape development. As the result, proper geometric data are proved that lenth of the first forming area in the forward forming region is 1.5 times larger than circumference of work-piece and the progress angle changes 3 times smoothly.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.46-51
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• 2008

We describe a backprojection filtering method for limited angle tomography. In order to reduce blur artifacts originated from the out-of-planes and control high-frequency noise, we employed two band-limited window functions, and which were realized by Hann filters in this study. Based on the experimentally measured data, the performance of the developed method is demonstrated by comparing with the conventional shift-and-add and filtered backprojection methods. Application of the developed method to the dental imaging has a potential to be used for the preoperative evaluation of the jaw for dental implants with much reduced patient dose instead of the conventional dental computed tomography.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.419-423
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• 2015

Background Orthognathic surgery is required in 25% to 35% of patients with a cleft lip and palate, for whom functional recovery and aesthetic improvement after surgery are important. The aim of this study was to examine maxillary and mandibular changes, along with concomitant soft tissue changes, in cleft patients who underwent LeFort I osteotomy and sagittal split ramus osteotomy (two-jaw surgery). Methods Twenty-eight cleft patients who underwent two-jaw surgery between August 2008 and November 2013 were included. Cephalometric analysis was conducted before and after surgery. Preoperative and postoperative measurements of the bone and soft tissue were compared. Results The mean horizontal advancement of the maxilla (point A) was 6.12 mm, while that of the mandible (point B) was -5.19 mm. The mean point A-nasion-point B angle was $-4.1^{\circ}$ before surgery, and increased to $2.5^{\circ}$ after surgery. The mean nasolabial angle was $72.7^{\circ}$ before surgery, and increased to $88.7^{\circ}$ after surgery. The mean minimal distance between Rickett's E-line and the upper lip was 6.52 mm before surgery and 1.81 mm after surgery. The ratio of soft tissue change to bone change was 0.55 between point A and point A' and 0.93 between point B and point B'. Conclusions Patients with cleft lip and palate who underwent two-jaw surgery showed optimal soft tissue changes. The position of the soft tissue (point A') was shifted by a distance equal to 55% of the change in the maxillary bone. Therefore, bone surgery without soft tissue correction can achieve good aesthetic results.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.490-496
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• 2011

Purpose: Dr. Marquardt made the facial 'phi' mask using golden ratio. Most class III patients have bulky faces and want a smaller face. Using a facial golden mask, this study estimated and compared frontal photographs before and after operation for soft tissue measurement. The golden mask can be considered as a reference tool for facial esthetic analyses especially in lower face. Methods: Forty patients who had undergone orthognathic surgery at Samsung Medical Center from January 2006 to December 2009 were included in this study. These patients had Class III malocclusion. Lateral cephalometric radiographs, frontal clinical photos of pre-op and 8~12 month later post-op, and the facial 'phi' mask using golden ratio, were used for analysis. Reduction of the lower face area, occlusal plane changes, amounts of mandible setback and amounts of maxilla posterior impaction were estimated. Results: Lower facial reduction ratio and mandibular setback amounts were significantly different between 1-jaw and 2-jaw groups. Average postoperative changes in the area of lower face between bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (BSSRO) and BSSRO combined maxilla posterior impaction were compared by using an independent simple t-test and $P$ value was 0.016. Therefore, the lower facial reduction ratio and mandibular setback amount were significantly different in maxilla posterior impaction. Conclusion: The two-jaw surgery group showed more reduction of the lower facial area than the 1-jaw surgery group. The amount of lower facial reduction was more related with the amount of mandibular setback. There was no significant relation in lower facial reduction with amount of maxilla posterior impaction, pre-op occlusal plane, post-op occlusal plane and the mandibular angle. A relationship between the change in the lower facial area and the amount of maxilla posterior impaction or the change of mandibular angle occlusal plane at pre-op could not be found because of the difference in the amount of setback between two groups.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.2 s.73
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• pp.239-249
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• 1999

In orthognathic surgery to obtain proper functional and esthetic form after skeletal discrepancy treatment, precise diagnosis and treatment plan are essential. Especially in two jaw surgeries that have serious upper and lower jaw problems, maxilla and mandible are arranged in three dimensions. Based on the maxillary rearrangement, mandibular sagittal and transverse positions are determined, and thus new occlusal plane is established. The object of this study is to evaluate the stability of the indiviual ideal occlusal plane based on the architectural and structural craniofacial analysis of Delaires. The subjects of this study were 48 patients who underwent two jaw surgeries, and they were equally divided into two groups, A and B. A group was operated with ideal occlusal plane and B group was not. Two groups were compared at the preoperative, immediate postoperative (average 4.3days), and long-term postoperative (average 1.3years) lateral cephalometric radiographs. The following results were obtained: 1. ANS was lower than that of PNS for both A and B after the surgery. That is, maxilla and mandible are rotated in posterior and superior direction. 2. Significances were found between $T_2$ and $T_3$ for both A and B are HRP-Me at vortical measurements, articular angle(p<0.01), gonial angle(p<0.01), and Mn. plane angle(p<0.05) at angular measurement. Mn. plane angle is increased at HRP-Me is decreased for both A and B. 3. There is no significance in skeletal stability aster the surgery between group A and B. 4. Horizontal movements of B and Pog by surgery have statistically significant inverse correlations with horizontal relapse of B and Pog, and vertical relapse of PNS, as well as Mn. Plane angle, and gonial angle after the surgery.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2006.10a
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• pp.115-120
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• 2006

The rail clamp is the device to prevent the crane slips along rails from the wind blast as well as to locate a container crane in the set position in operating mode. In this study we conduct the research for the sliding distance of rail clamp and the proper position of supporter with respect to the wedge angle in the wedge type rail clamp. The sliding distance to display the clamping force of the jaw pad corresponding to the design wind speed criteria is determined by the total displacement of the rail clamp at the roller center and the wedge angle. And the supporter is the device to prevent the overload which is applied on each part of the rail clamp by wind speed increment, because a clamping force is generated by the sliding of the wedge due to the wind. Accordingly the position of the supporter to prevent the overload is determined by analyzing the forces applied to the rail clamp. In order to analyze the sliding distance and the proper position of supporter with respect to the wedge angle as the wind speed is 40m/s, 5-kinds of wedge angles, such as 2, 4, 6, 8, $10^{\circ}$, were adopted as the design parameter.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.134-140
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• 2013

Objective: To evaluate lower incisor position and bony support between patients with Class II average- and high-angle malocclusions and compare with the patients presenting Class I malocclusions. Methods: CBCT records of 79 patients were divided into 2 groups according to sagittal jaw relationships: Class I and II. Each group was further divided into average- and high-angle subgroups. Six angular and 6 linear measurements were performed. Independent samples t-test, Kruskal-Wallis, and Dunn post-hoc tests were performed for statistical comparisons. Results: Labial alveolar bone thickness was significantly higher in Class I group compared to Class II group (p = 0.003). Lingual alveolar bone angle (p = 0.004), lower incisor protrusion (p = 0.007) and proclination (p = 0.046) were greatest in Class II average-angle patients. Spongious bone was thinner (p = 0.016) and root apex was closer to the labial cortex in high-angle subgroups when compared to the Class II average-angle subgroup (p = 0.004). Conclusions: Mandibular anterior bony support and lower incisor position were different between average- and high-angle Class II patients. Clinicians should be aware that the range of lower incisor movement in high-angle Class II patients is limited compared to average- angle Class II patients.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.369-376
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• 1985

A 10 year & 11 month old girl patient who had Angle's Class III malocclusion were treated by chin cap and fixed appliances. The treatment results obtained were as to]lows: 1. The anterior crossbite was corrected. 2. The functional overbite & overjet were established. 3. The favorable molar relationships were achieved. 4. The forward growth of the mandible was restrained. 5. The axial inclination of the upper & lower incisors were changed and the upper dental arch length was increased. 6. The facial profile was improved resulting from the good upper & lower jaw relations. 7. There was no harmful changes on the teeth S the periodontal tissues after treatment. 8. The good occlusal stability was showed after 1 year of retention.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.13-19
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the UVA radiation protection effects of summer hats currently on the market with the purpose of making it possible to choose a hat with suitable UVA protection. Twelve different summer hats from the market were selected for the experiment. The results are summarized as follows: It is more effective to wear a hat than not wear a hat to block UVA radiation. Summer hats with the greatest degree of protection, from highest to lowest, are cotton, straw2, and straw1. In the area of the forehead, which is rarely influenced by the irradiation angle, the cotton hat was the most effective in protecting from UVA radiation because the material density was greater than that of the straw hats. A hat with a 8.5 cm brim was more effective at blocking UVA radiation on the jaw than 6 cm, 4 cm, and 0 cm wide brims, but it still couldn't block the radiation completely. Irradiation amounts at 11:00 AM on the forehead, jaw! s and left and right cheeks were lower than amounts measured on the back of the neck. This revealed that irradiation amounts depend on the shape of the hat and time of day. A hat with a brim encircling the head was found to be more effective in blocking UVA radiation than a hat with only a front or side brim.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.58-64
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• 2007

The clamping force of a jaw pad is determined by the displacements of main part when two lockers are locked, after the clamping angle of a locker was set up in the wedge type rail clamp for a container crane. In this time, if the resistance of wedge frame generates due to several factors, the clamping angle of a locker to display the initial clamping force will be changed because of the reduction of displacement of extension bar. This resistance is determined by the eccentric distance between the roller and the wedge, and by the gap between the wedge frame and outer frame. In this study we measured the tensile force of both extension bar through the performance test of the prototype rail clamp in order to evaluate the effect of the resistance of wedge frame on the clamping force of the wedge type rail clamp.