• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.99-109
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors influencing dysmenorrhea in middle school girls and to analyze the differences in dysmenorrhea according to personal factors of the subjects. Methods: This study was conducted from March 22 to April 2, 2010. The subjects of the study were 572 girls who attended three middle schools in Seoul and experienced dysmenorrheal. All were surveyed using the same questionnaire. Data were analyzed by the SPSS/WIN 12.0 program and included descriptive statistics, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis. Results: 1) The mean age of the subjects was 13.53 years, and the mean age of first menstruation (menarche) was 11.94 years. The number of days between the onset of menstrual cycles was 30.01 days. Most of the respondents had irregular menstrual cycles and menstrual periods lasting 3 to 7 days long. 2) Chief menstrual pains were lower abdominal and back pain. Subjects reported experiencing severe lower abdominal and/or back pain, most commonly on the second day of menstruation. The average score of menstrual discomfort was over 60 points (63%). The average score per 6 points of dysmenorrhea was as follows: fatigue (3.48), sensitivity (3.27), disability of movement (3.27), napping or lying down (2.98), mood swings (2.95), interference with studies (2.87). 3) Individual subject characteristics influencing the onset of dysmenorrhea were as follows: high stress levels, being in poor health, having an irregular diet, being younger and having longer menstrual periods than most other subjects. Conclusion: During puberty, girls with earlier menarche complained of physical and emotional discomfort, and irregular menstrual periods. Therefore, we need to explain overall menstrual characteristics and individual differences in the occurrence of dysmenorrhea, in health education programs.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.199-212
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• 2002

Stress not only brings disorders in social, family life but brings also changes in eating behaviors so that the imbalance of food intake is induced. Our study was carried out to find out the association between the degree of stress and eating behaviors for the subjects of 262 female college students in the Suwon area. The study instrument was a structured questionnaire composed with questions about demographic data, food preferences, questions related to life styles, and health. All of the collected data was analyzed by the degree of stress score, grouping into high(25〈) and low stress group(〈=25). High stress group showed unhealthy lifestyles, higher percentage of irregular menstruation, smoking, dizziness, higher amount of alcohol consumption. They also showed higher preference rate of spicy foods including hot foods, oil based foods and showed percentage of removing visible fat when eating meats. They more wanted to control weight and prefers snacking compared to low stress group. These results show that stress changes in eating behaviors in a way of unhealthy life styles.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.12
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• pp.1257-1262
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• 2006

The age of puberty represents a very critical time in the life history of every young woman. The menarche stands as primary indicator of the onset of sexual maturation in females. By late adolescence, 75% of girls experience some problem associated with menstruation. Delayed, irregular, painful, and heavy menstrual bleeding are leading reasons for physician office visits by adolescents, and dysmenorrhea is the leading reason for school absenteeism among girls. This article discusses normal menstrual function during adolescence, then reviews the clinical presentation, evaluation, and management of adolescent dysmenorrhea, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, amenorrhea, and polycystic ovary syndrome.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.154-160
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was done to report the progress of treatment with oriental medicine on a woman who complained of irregular menstruation in menopausal transition. Methods: The patient in this case was treated with Chokyungjongoktanggamibang, acupuncture and moxibustion. And to assess the effectiveness of this treatment, we evaluated the ovarian function by using hormone assay. Results: During treatment period the patient had three times of uterine bleeding, two of the three seemed like normal menstrual bleeding. And analyzing the hormone assay, estraiol level was increased and FSH, LH levels were decreased significantly. However a month after treatment end, estradiol level was decreased and FSH, LH levels were incresead as the levels in menopausal transition or menopause state. And the patient had no more uterine bleeding since last one according to follow up by phone-call. Conclusion: In this study, the progress of ovarian function was specified with hormonal changes after treatment of oriental medicine during menopausal transition. And further studies are needed to find the more appropriate clinical approach for women in menopausal transition.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.22 no.2 s.26
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• pp.181-188
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• 1989

In this study an attempt was made to determine the factors affecting anemia in female industrial workers. The population was identified through the records of screening examinations given by Kosin Medical Center to the industrial workers in Sasang Industrial Complex during the period from March 1987 to October 1988. One hundred twenty eight cases were selected from the records screening examination of 155 anemic patients. A case-control study was carried out using matched 128 anemic cases and 128 non-anemic workers who were selected by simple random sampling. Age was matched, and their occupational history, general characteristics, physical characteristics and health status were analyzed. The results were; 1. In the anemic group, educational level was lower, and the frequencies of irregular menstruation and poor appetite were higher than in the control group but these differences were statistically not significant. 2. The percentage of workers working with organic solvents, working hours and years of service (total years exposed to organic solvents) were significantly higher in the anemic group than those in the control group. 3. A career exposed to organic solvents was more influential factor affecting anemia in the female industrial workers rather than menstruation amount of other factors, and it was statistically significant.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.196-204
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• 2004

Purpose: This research was to determine the characteristics of dysmenorrhea among girls, identify the factors affecting dysmenorrhea. Method: The study subjects were 1653 high school student in Busan Metropolitan city. The data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire between November 1 and November 30, 2002. Descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA with Scheffe' test, and stepwise multiple regression analysis in SPSS program were used for data analysis. Result: Students suffering from slight dysmenorrhea made up the majority 52.9％, whereas those with serious cases represented 29.8％. Regarding the measures taken to cope with dysmenorrhea, most of the respondents took analgesics 52.8％. A high points of dysmenorrhea was associated with irregular meal habits(p<0.01), unbalanced diet(p<0.05), stress(p<0.01), and health awareness(p<0.01), first menstruation before they reached 13 (p<0.01), heavy bleeding(p<0.01), family history(p<0.01). Factors affecting the dysmennorrhea of the respondents included the extent of bleeding, family history, health awareness, age during the first menstruation, and degree of stress, accounting for 13.1％ of the total variance. Conclusion: To manage dysmenorrhea among girls, the results of the research indicate that students need to have proper awareness of health and manage stress through health education. Likewise, they need to be given positive follow-up management through a holistic nursing approach.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2003

The survey was conducted to look out the characteristics of menstruation and it's management, menstrual attitudes and degree of dysmenorrhea in the adult women. The subjects were 601 women, aged 20 year old and over, selected by convenient sampling. The results were as follows; 1. The mean age of the subjects was 29.1 years, the subjects were consisted of 346 unmarried and 304 delivery experienced person. 2. The characteristics of menstruation were as follows ; irregular 167 person(27.8%), painful 451 person(75%), mean score of pain was 5.9 point and first day was most severe(45.1%). On the while, they have used the method to manage the pain such as "endure 50.8%", "to have a medicine 31.5%". 3. Menstrual attitudes were as follows; attitudes was negative such as it was meaningful as a woman (78.9%), only for birth a baby (51.6%), and menstruation was acceptable (42.9%), hope to get away(28.8%). 4. The degree of dysmenorrhea was a significant difference by age(F=4.0, P<0.01). Especially, in the subcategory, it was significant except for water retension. That is, lower concent ration(F=2.60, p<0.05), negative affect(F=3.09, p<0.05), behavior change(F=6.41, p<0.050), pain(F=3.89, p<0.01), autonomic nerve response(F=2.80, p<0.05). We can conclude there were many women to have negative attitudes to menstruation and first day was most severe dysmenorrhea and it was different by age. From this results, we may suggest as follows; 1. We suggest the program for women to have a positive attitudes will be developed. 2. We can suggest that we need to develop the active and effective method to control dysmenorrhea in the first day during menstruation.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.41-65
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to find out the health condition and the etiology in oriental medicine of the high school girls menstrual disorders by Sasang constitution. Methods: The data from the 795 participants were collected using a structured menstrual history questionnaire. Based on the survey responses, we had 97 adolescents with menstrual disorder as the test group and 97 adolescents without menstrual disorder as the control group. The clinical trials subjects were asked to respond to another questionnaire for identifying their constitutional types and respond to the DSOM and undergo Inbody. We identified significant variables for dysmenorrhea from comparison between the test and control group. Results: The DSOM test showed that the scores of qi stagnation, static blood, cold, dampness, phlegm, heart, kidney were significantly higher in dysmenorrhea, scant menstruation, menstruation at irregular intervals. For the Sasang constitution, there is a difference on the cause of the outbreak. Soyangin from yin deficiency, dryness and blood deficiency is associated with menstrual disorders. Taeumin from cold, dampness and qi deficiency is associated with menstrual disorders. Soeumin from heart, qi stagnation, static blood and spleen is associated with menstrual disorders. Conclusions: For the Sasang constitution, there is a difference on the cause of the outbreak. The result of a comparison of the test and control groups showed that there's no relevance to the body fat mass and body fat percentage with menstrual irregularities.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.105-116
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• 2001

We examined and referred to some literatures on the meaning, Dai meridian and Meridian points of joining with circulation of Dai meridian through literatures of every generation. And then we came to get a few conclusions as follows. 1. Dai meridian starts below the hypochondriac region. Running obliquely downward, it runs transversely around the waist like a belt. Its function is to bind up all the meridians to circulate in a proper way. 2. The coalescent points of dai meridian are $D\grave{a}im\grave{a}i$(帶脈), $W\check{u}sh\bar{u}$(五樞) and $W\acute{e}id\grave{a}o$(維道). 3. Location of $D\grave{a}im\grave{a}i$(帶脈) is on the lateral side of the abdomen, 1.8 cun below $Zh\bar{a}ngm\grave{e}n$(章門), at the crossing point of vertical line through the free end of the 11th rib and a horizontal line through the umbilicus. Location of $W\check{u}sh\bar{u}$(五樞) is on the lateral side of the abdomen, anterior to the anterosuperior iliac spine, 3 cun below the level of the umbilicus. Location of $W\acute{e}id\grave{a}o$(維道) is on the lateral side of the abdomen, anterior and inferior to the anterosuperior iliac spine, 0.5 cun anterior and inferior to $W\check{u}sh\bar{u}$(五樞). 4. Indication of $D\grave{a}im\grave{a}i$(帶脈) is irregular menstruation, leukorrhea with reddish discharge, hernia, pain in the lumbar and hypochondriac region. Indication of $W\check{u}sh\bar{u}$(五樞) is prolapse of the uterus, leukorrhea with reddish discharge, irregular menstruation, hernia, pain in the lower abdomen, constipation and lumbosacral pain. Indication of $W\acute{e}id\grave{a}o$(維道) is edema, pain in the side of the lower abdomen, prolapse of the uterus, hernia and morbid leukorrhea. 5. The Dai meridian binds all meridians, produces pregnancy, grasps lumbar and abdomen region and controls leukorrhea. 6. Diseases of the Dai meridian manifested as distention and fullness in the lumbar region and abdomen, leukorrhea with reddish discharge, pain the navel, lumbar and spinal regions, flaccidity and hypoactivity of the lower limbs, etc.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.87-105
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• 2022

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analysis the Clinical Study Trends on Korean Medicine Treatment for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Methods: The key words such as 'polycystic ovary syndrome', 'polycystic ovarian syndrome', 'korean medicine', 'herbal medicine', 'acupuncture' are used for the research through 'OASIS', 'KCI', 'KISS', 'RISS'. Results: Ten clinical studies with 73 patients were selected. All studies were the noncomparative studies, and 8 case reports, 1 case series, 1 retrospective chart review. Symptoms accompanied by PCOS were oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, irregular menstruation, hirsutism, acne, obesity etc. The most used treatment was herbal medicine in all studies with 72 patients (98.6%). The most frequently used acupuncture and moxibustion point was respectively 合谷 (LI4) and 關元 (CV4). The duration of treatment was between 3 months and 10 months, the average 159 days. Outcome measurements were Recovery of menstrual cycle (97.6%), Hormone test (23.8%), Sonogram (61.9%), Indexes of obesity (23.8%). In terms of menstrual recovery, 35 patients (85.4%) have recovered from menstruation in 8 studies with 41 patients. In hormone tests, all 10 patients have decrease of LH/FSH ratio and LH in 3 studies with 10 patients. Through sonogram, Ovulation menstruation was confirmed in all 6 patients. In all 10 patients of 3 studies evaluating weight before and after treatment, weight was reduced. Conclusions: The effect on Korean Medicine treatment for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome had mostly positive results. However, Further large, well-designed clinical trials are needed to establish the foundation of Korean Medicine treatment for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.