• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.705-709
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• 1999

To evaluate iron bioavailability in iron fortified milk, in vitro and in vivo method were used. Low molecular weight components(ILC) from milk was isolated and iron was added, then soluble iron from ILC iron complex was determined. Each iron sources and extrinsically labelled with FeCl3 was used for measuring absorption rate of iron from ILC radiolabelled iron complexes as radioiron absorption into the blood one hour after injection into ligated duodenal loops of iron deficient rats. Iron absorption rate was in the order of ferrous lactate(25.56%)$\geq$ferric citrate(24.71%)$\geq$ferrous sulfate(19.67%) when 100ppm iron was used. In separate experiments, iron fortified milks with each iron sources were gavaged into iron deficient rats. When 25ppm iron was added to milk, the order of iron absorption was ferrous sulfate(12.52%)>ferrous lactate(8.07%)>ferric citrate(6.52%) (p<0.05). When 100ppm iron was added to milk, absorption rate was decreased compared to the treatments with added 25ppm of iron. Absorption rate of ferrous sulfate(5.34%) from milk added 100ppm iron was highly lowered, but ferric citrate(6.45%) was not significantly changed. The absorption rate of ferrous lactate(5.82%) was 70% of 25ppm iron added milk.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.943-951
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• 2002

This study was designed to investigate the effects of iron supplementation and nutrition education on the iron status and anemia of high school girls. The subjects resided in Ulsan city in Korea and were already diagnosed as having anemia or iron deficiency. Over a period of three months, one iron tablet (80 mg Fe as ferrous sulfate/day) was administered to the iron deficient subjects and two tablets (160 mg Fe as ferrous sulfate/day) were administered to the anemia subjects. The average height and weight of anemia subjects were 161.24 $\pm$ 4.50 cm and 50.87 $\pm$ 5.86 kg, respectively. The average BMI (kg/$m^2$ )was 19.58 $\pm$ 2.03 and the PIBW(percent ideal body weight) were 92.52 $\pm$ 9.84%. Except for vitamin A and vitamin C intakes, the intake levels of all other nutrients were below the RDA. Total calorie intakes of anemia subjects were 73.5% of RDA. The iron intakes of subjects from food were 69. 1% of RDA and the Ca intakes were 59.1% of RDA. The basal hemoglobin(Hb) concentration of anemia subjects averaged 10.77 $\pm$ 1.33 g/dl, and this increased significantly (p < 0.001) to 12.12 $\pm$ 1.08 g/dl, after iron supplementation. The basal ferritin, and transferrin saturations ｛TS (%)｝of anemia subjects were 12.51 $\pm$ 15.19 ng/$m\ell$ and 8.43 $\pm$ 7.56%, respectively, and these significantly increased to 20.59 $\pm$ 22.39 ng/$m\ell$ and 15.56 $\pm$ 12.87%, respectively. The level of total iron binding protein (TIBC) significantly decreased from the initial 486.80 $\pm$ 70.16 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl to 417.86 $\pm$ 67.73 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl (p < 0.001) after iron supplementation. For the iron deficiency subjects, the ferritin, iron and TS(%) levels were increased significantly (p < 0.001) and the TIBC levels were significantly (p <0.001) decreased after iron supplementation. Anemia symptoms such as 'Feeling blue (p<0.05)', 'Decreased ability to concentrate (p<0.001)' and 'Poor memory (p<0.05)' improved significantly after iron supplementation in the anemia subjects. The number of tablets administered was positively correlated with changes in serum hemoglobin (t=0.194, p< 0.01), serum ferritin (t=0.181, p<0.01), TS(%) (t=0.141, p<0.05), and hematocrit (t=0.254, p<0.01), and was negatively correlated with changes in TIBC (t=-0.143. p<0.05) and red cell distribution width (RDW, t=-0.140, p<0.05). In conclusion, daily iron supplementation was effective in improving the iron status and reducing symptoms of anemia in high school girls. (Korean J Nutrition 35 (9) : 943~951,2002)

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.808-813
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• 2006

Until now, South Korea does not have either fortification or enrichment program as intervention tools although the addition of micronutrients to foods is for the most part not regulated. The aim of this study was to determine which scenario would most effectively reduce the proportion of the population with low iron intake while not putting other population groups at risk of excessive intakes. In order to investigate potential dietary consequences of iron fortification we analyzed 2 day dietary record data (n=3,955) from the 2001 National Nutrition Surveys. The Proportion of the population consuming dietary iron less than the estimated average requirement (EAR) ranged from $12.4{\sim}87.5%$ depending upon gender and age group. Iron fortification at the level of 100% of Recommended Intake (RI) per 100g to breads and instant o. dried noodles was estimated to result in a 15% decrease of proportion of those with iron less than EAR, while putting 1.4 % of the population greater than the Upper Limit (UL). Iron fortification appeared to be the most effective for the $15{\sim}19$ year old age group, showing 39% reduction of iron intake insufficiency. The results suggest that carefully designed fortification or enrichment to staple foods may contribute to increase dietary iron intakes of Koreans, especially for the young population with a high prevalence of iron inadequacy. As the estimation in this study was based solely upon dietary intake data, iron intake from supplements should be considered in further studies.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.222-230
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• 2011

This study was undertaken to investigate iron status and related factors in female college students residing in Gyeongnam. The subjects were divided into normal (40.8%) and iron deficiency (ID) groups (59.2%) by iron status. Mean height, weight, lean body mass, percent body fat, body mass index, and wrist to hip ratio were not significantly different between the groups, but basic metabolic rate was significantly higher in the normal group than that in the ID group. The levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were significantly higher in the normal group than those in the ID group. However, total iron binding capacity was significantly lower in the normal group than that in the ID group. Daily intake of protein, heme-Fe, niacin, and vitamin C were significantly higher in the normal group than those in the ID group. The mean intake of protein, Fe, niacin, vitamin $B_{12}$, and vitamin C based on the Korean recommended intake (RI) were significantly higher in the normal group than those in the ID group. The mean intakes of Ca, vitamin $B_{12}$, and folate in both groups were < 75% of the Korean RI. In conclusion, increasing dietary heme-Fe and vitamin C may be helpful for preventing ID anemia in female college students.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.317-321
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• 2008

Macrophages play a key role in iron metabolism by recycling iron through erythrophagocytosis. Ferroportin-l (FPN1) is a transporter protein that is known to mediate iron export from macrophages. Since divalent metals often interact with iron metabolism, we examined if divalent metals could regulate the expression of FPN1 in macrophages. J774 macrophage cells were treated with copper, manganese, zinc, or cobalt at 10, 50, or $100\;{\mu}M$ for 16 to 24 h. Then, FPN1 mRNA and protein levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analyses, respectively. In addition, effects of divalent metals on FPN1 promoter activity were examined by luciferase reporter assays. Results showed that copper significantly increased FPN1 mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner. The copper-induced expression of FPN1 mRNA was associated with a corresponding increase in FPN1 protein levels. Also, copper directly stimulated the activity of FPN1 promoter-driven reporter construct. In contrast, manganese and zinc had no effect on the FPN1 gene expression in J774 cells. Interestingly, cobalt treatment in J774 cells decreased FPN1 protein levels without affecting FPN1 mRNA levels. In conclusion, our study results demonstrate that divalent metals differentially regulate FPN1 expression in macrophages and indicate a potential interaction of divalent metals with the FPN1-mediated iron export in macrophages.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.435-447
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• 2021

Purpose: Body adiposity is negatively correlated with hepatic iron status, and Korean pine nut oil (PNO) has been reported to reduce adiposity. Therefore, we aimed to study the effects of PNO on adiposity, hepatic mineral status, and the expression of genes and proteins involved in iron absorption. Methods: Five-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed a control diet containing 10% kcal from PNO (PC) or soybean oil (SBO; SC), or a high-fat diet (HFD) containing 35% kcal from lard and 10% kcal from PNO (PHFD) or SBO (SHFD). Hepatic iron, copper, and zinc content; and expression of genes and proteins related to iron absorption were measured. Results: HFD-fed mice had a higher white fat mass (2-fold; p < 0.001), lower hepatic iron content (25% lower; p < 0.001), and lower hepatic Hamp (p = 0.028) and duodenal Dcytb mRNA levels (p = 0.037) compared to the control diet-fed mice. Hepatic iron status was negatively correlated with body weight (r = -0.607, p < 0.001) and white fat mass (r = -0.745, p < 0.001). Although the PHFD group gained less body weight (18% less; p < 0.05) and white fat mass (18% less; p < 0.05) than the SHFD group, the hepatic iron status impaired by the HFD feeding did not improve. The expression of hepatic and duodenal ferroportin protein was not affected by the fat amount or the oil type. PNO-fed mice had significantly lower Slc11a2 (p = 0.022) and Slc40a1 expression (p = 0.027) compared to SBO-fed mice. However, the PC group had a higher Heph expression than the SC group (p < 0.05). The hepatic copper and zinc content did not differ between the four diet groups, but hepatic copper content adjusted by body weight was significantly lower in the HFD-fed mice compared to the control diet-fed mice. Conclusion: HFD-induced obesity decreased hepatic iron storage by affecting the regulation of genes related to iron absorption; however, the 18% less white fat mass in the PHFD group was not enough to improve the iron status compared to the SHFD group. The hepatic copper and zinc status was not altered by the fat amount or the oil type.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 2006

This study was performed to compare nutrients intake and levels of three elements (iron, copper and zinc) in the plasma of breast cancer patients to those in healthy controls. Patients (n = 97) and their age-matched healthy control groups (n = 97) participated in the study. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire specifically formulated to evaluate the consumption of nutrients was used to estimate dietary intake. Only plasma was taken from the 20 patients and their age-matched healthy control group. Plasma concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, ratio of Cu/Zn were measured in both groups. Results showed that patients consumed significantly lower protein, fat, iron. Plasma level of copper and ratio of Cu/Zn were significantly higher in patients compared to those of controls. In conclusion, change of trace elements in plasma might be useful and significant as biomakers involving the initial process. And these results imply that trace elements status is a factor related to breast cancer risk and suggest that proper intake of those nutrients is required for cancer prevention.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.919-925
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• 2002

Iron deficiency is a severe nutritional problem in the world. Coffee intake of the people is increasing every year and it can increase the loss of several essential body minerals including iron. Either iron deficiency or coffee intake may increase the oxidative stress of the body. However, the effect of iron deficiency and/or coffee intake on peroxidation have not been studied much. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of coffee intake on oxidative stress and antioxidative enzyme activities of iron-deficient rats. Forty-eight male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain were divided into two groups by dietary iron levels. Iron deficient group were fed 5 ppm iron diet and iron-sufficient group were fed 50 ppm iron diet. Each iron group were divided into three sub-groups by coffee levels (0%, 1%, 4%) included in the experimental diet. The experimental diets were fed for 4 weeks. The hemoglobin level was significantly low in iron deficient group and the level was exacerbated by high coffee intake. The malondialdehyde concentration of the plasma and liver were not affected by iron or coffee level in this study. However, plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, the indicator of the liver damage, were increased by high coffee intake. The erythrocyte and liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were elevated in iron deficient groups. Coffee intake increased erythrocyte SOD activity in iron sufficient groups. Glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities were not influenced much by either iron or coffee intake. In conclusion, high coffee intake in iron deficiency may not only increase the anemia symptoms, but also may increase the oxidative stress of the body.(Korean J Nutrition 35(9) : 919~925, 2002)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1273-1278
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate effect of iron intakes on utilization of macrominerals (Ca, Mg, Na, K) in rats fed adequate, 2 fold, 4 fold iron for 12 weeks. There were no differences in feed intake, body weight gain, serum and liver levels of macrominerals across iron groups. Ca level in kidney of 4 fold iron group was significantly higher than those in other groups. Excretions of Mg through feces and Ca, Mg, Na, and K through urine were significantly increased with increment of iron intake. In the case of macromineral balances, daily retentions of Mg, Na, and K in adequate iron group were higher than those in 2 /4 fold iron groups. However there was no difference in Ca retention across iron groups. Therefore, it should be considered interaction with macromineral in iron supplementation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.404-412
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• 1992

Iron intake and nutritional status of 99 female college students of Chungnam Natiional Unive-rsity were estimateed with dietary survey and measurement of hematological indices including the level of serum ferritin Food intake was measured using the weighing method and iron availability per meal was calculated according to Monsen and Hallberg. The average daily intakes of protein vitamin C. total iron and also total available amount of iron were higher than the Korean R.D.A. The blood indices for iron status however showed that iron status of the subjects was inade-quate. Furthermore the serum ferritin levels indicated marginal iron storage in 75% of the subjects.