• 대한약리학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.15-24
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• 1980

[${\alpha}$]-Amylase catalyses the hydrolysis of starch, glycogen, and related poly- and oligosac-charide by random cleavage of ${\alpha}$-D-(l-4) glucan linkage. In man large amounts of amylase are secreted into the digestive tract by the salivary and exocrine pancreatic gland, minimal amount being produced also in other tissues. It has been known that ${\alpha}$-amylase exists in multiple molecular forms, isoenzyme which can be separated from each other because of difference in their physicochemical properties. By using various methods, several groups of investigator have separated the many isoenzyme in serum, saliva and pancreatic juice. Furthermore, changes of the normal serum isoenzyme pattern is diagnostically useful even when the total serum enzyme activity is noninformative, such as the clinical use of isoenzyme of serum lactate dehydrogenase. Procarboxypeptidase-A which is one of the pancreatic enzymes is also present as isoenzymes. Four forms of procarboxypeptidase-A haye been found in the bovine enzyme and three forms of the porcine enzyme. In human pancreatic juice four forms of procarboxypeptidase-A isoenzyme were found by isoelectric focusing method. Recently, the so-called isoamylase analysis was developed for the diagnostic use of amylase in pancreatic diseases. In alcohotic patients, the serum concentration of pancreatic isoamylase is subnormal and this lowered activity provides strong evidence for pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the variations of the isoenzyme of amylase and procarboxypeptidase-A in serum, saliva and pancreatic juice of the experimental animals. The results are as follow. 1) Three main forms of isoenzyme of amylase by isoelectric focusing were found in pancreatic juice of normal rabbit. However, many new bands were appeared in the pancreatic juice of cholic acid administered animal intravenously while the infusion of cholic acid or elastase into pancreatic duct produced the decrease of number of the fractions on the isoelectric focusing. In the case of serum isoenzyme from normal animal, two major and a few minor isoamylases were observed. By injecting alcohol intravenousely the fractions of serum isoamylase were significantly decreased and in contrary to the pattern in the pancreatic juice the infusion of cholic acid or elastase into pancreatic duct exhitited a significant decrease of the isoenzyme of amylase fractions. In saliva from normal animal three main isoamylase were produced of the administration of alcohol. 2) In the case of procarboxypeptidase-A isoenzyme, two major fractions which have isoelectric point at 6.2 and 6.4 and other two minor bands were observed in the pancreatic juice of normal rabbit. By the treatment of the juice with trypsin, only one band was produced on the isoelectric focusing. No procarboxypeptidase was appeared on the electrofocusing by the infusion of cholic acid or phospholipase A into the pancreatic duct of rabbit. However, a single major fraction of procarboxypeptidase-A was appeared at 3 hr after simple ligation of the pancreatic duct. No significant changes were observed in the juice of the alcohol or cholic acid administered group.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.75-83
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• 1998

본 연구는 교정 치료를 위한 진단과 치료 계획의 수립에 널리 이용되는 진단 수단의 하나인 두부 방사선 사진을 계측하는 연구에서 볼 수 있는 오류의 중요성을 인식하고, 반복 계측의 방법으로 체계적 오차(systematic error)를 찾아내고 임의적오차(random error)의 범위를 산출하는 과정을 통해 기준점의 식별에 보다 주의가 기울여져야 할 해부학적 기준점들을 찾아보고자 시행되었는데, 통법에 의해 촬영된 100장의 측모 두부 방사선 사진을 연구대상으로 하여 61개의 기준점과 130개의 계측항목을 선정하였고 반복계측을 위해 25개의 표본을 무작위로 선정, 계측오차를 분석하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 반복계측에 따른 계측치의 비교에서 130개 전체 계측항목의 18.4%인 24개 항목에서 유의성 있는 차이를 보였다. 2. 반복계측에서 기준점 식별에 차이를 보이는 빈도는 상악 전치의 치근단점(as), 상악골의 최후방벽(tu), 연조직 nasion과 전두정(ft) 그리고 기도의 ad3점에서 매우 높았다. 3. 5%이하의 유의도를 보이는 수준까지 기준점 마킹을 수정한 후, 임의적오차의 범위는 0.67-1.71mm또는 도를 보였다. 4. 가장 임의적오차를 보인 계측항목은 상, 하악 전치가 이루는 각(interincisal angle : ILs-ILi)이었다. 5. 계측 오차의 문제는 주로 해부학적 정의에 대한 정확성의 부족과 불분명한 방사선사진상에 기인되었다. 이상의 연구 결과로 두부 방사선 사진의 계측에는 많은 오류의 가능성이 있음을 확인할 수 있었고 이에 따라 두부방사선 계측에서 뿐 아니라 계측이 이루어지는 모든 연구에서는 항상 계측오류에 대한 분석이 함께 이루어져야 할 것이며, 조사자로서 뿐만 아니라 다른 연구자의 연구결과를 올바르게 인식하기 위한 목적으로도 오류에 대한 인식은 필수적인 것으로 생각된다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.89-102
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• 1990

The research is a comparative study of death attitudes between male and female elderly people. There is no doubt as to the inevitability of death. And yet, there is a vast conspiracy involved in the word of dead or death. The aged are considered to be nearer death than are people in other age groups. Kalish(1976) emphasized that for the aged two meanings of death have significance for evaluating their life ; first, that older people are known to have a limited life time and face death ; second that older people are known to have suffered many death-imposed losses that are often associated with the dying process. In considering these implications, the level of anxiety regarding death and dying is a crucial factor in determining mental health. In the study, 152 male elderly and 145 female elderly residing in Seoul, Korea was compared on the four dimensions of death anxiety and assigned personal variables. Therefore, the purpose the research was (1) to examine the characteristics of subjects on the independent variables(age, marital status, family relationship, social activities, religiousity etc.) ; (2) to examine the relationship between the independent variables and each dimension of death axniety ; (3) to determine the proportion of variance in the respective of death anxiety which is accounted for by the respective independent variables ; (4) to examine whether a significant difference between the respective independent variables and each dimension of death anxiety has ; (5) to determine the combination of variables which is the most successful in explaining the variance in death anxiety. Finding from this study support the following conclusions; 1. There was a significant differences between the male and female subjects in the level of death anxiety. In turn, the male older adults had lower death anxiety than did the female elderly. This implies that male tend to look forward to death rather than deny it. 2. As there was evidences from several studies, this research found that fear of death decreases as age increases. 3. The following two variables that correlate best with dying anxiety of others in both male and female older adults : 'marriage life', 'social interaction'. 4. The variables 'age' and 'children' for both female and male elderly accounted for the most variance in death anxiety of self. The findings of the study lend this investigator several suggestions, implications and recommendations for future research. There can be no death without life, and conversely, no life without death. Psychologists and health-related professionals may be learn as much about death as they can in order to develop more healthy attitudes and in order to be able to better aid and comfort dying people and their familities. Perhaps most importantly, professionals may be help those who are not faced with death at present to develop an understanding of it and healthy attitudes toward it. The programs of death education are needed for dedication to the evitability of death and the preparation of life for the older adults. More seminars, symposiums and research on death attitudes are needed. Finally, study for female older adults has been negelected topic in the areas of women's study and health education. Future study, for female elderly, have to deeply investigate where those problems come from and how to cope with in order to the female elderly segment can live the rest of their lives in satisfaction with well-being.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제59권4호
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• pp.313-329
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• 2020

이 연구의 목적은 사회정의 주제를 중심으로 수학과 도덕을 통합한 통합교수모델을 개발하고 통합교수모델을 적용한 수업이 학생들에게 주는 효과를 알아보는 것이다. 통합교수모델을 개발하기 위해 2015 개정 수학 교육과과 3~4학년군, 5~6학년군 수학 교과서, 2015 개정 도덕 교육과정에 대한 문헌 연구를 실시하여 수학과 도덕 교과에 사회정의 소재가 얼마나, 어떻게 반영되어 있는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 앞선 교과서 분석 결과를 바탕으로 수학과 도덕, 사회정의를 3개의 축으로 하여 융합모형 틀과 사회정의를 위한 수학과 도덕의 통합교수모델을 구안하였다. 통합교수모델의 효과를 확인하기 위하여 수학과 도덕의 통합수업이 학생들의 수학에 대한 정의적 측면과 사회적 의식, 창의적 사고력 및 비판적 사고력에 어떤 영향을 주는지 확인하였다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.68-89
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• 1993

This study was conducted to develop a model of a fee schedule for nursing services.'Regardless of the demand for skilled and professional nursing service today, the Korean health insurance system does not furnish a chapter for the nursing service fee schedule. A nation-wide survey of hospital nursing service fee schedules was to provide practical and realistic data about how the variety of nursing services are being charged. From September 1990 to April 1991, data from the fee schedule used by twenty hospitals located in eight large cities which are designated large medical regions in the Korea Health Care and Patient Referral System were collected. Nursing services and the fees charged for them were analyzed. The nursing services were subjected to a secondary analysis with referrence to reports on “nursing services to be charged in Korea”. The total number of nursing services recommended by the literatures was 177 : finally 141 types of nursing services were selected by investigator as chargable nursing services. In addition, data on managerial characteristics of the hospitals were collected to discover influential variables for a nursing fee schedule model. Under the assumption that all the managerial characteristics of the hospitals influenced the fee schedule, the following model was tested : Fee of nursing services (C) = f(A₁, A₂, A₃, A₄, A/sub 5/, A/sub 6/, A/sub 7/, A/sub 8/,) When, A₁ = number of nurses A₂ = the first salary of a nurse educated in a four year A₃ = scale of nursing management division A₄ = location of the hospital A/sub 5/ = the type of hospital management (profit / non-profit) A/sub 6/ = number of hospital beds A/sub 7/ = years of hospital operation A/sub 8/ = number and kinds of clinical divisions The results showed that the model should be built as follows : C = f (A₁, A/sub 4/, A/sub 5/) Each nursing service was applied to the fee schedule with consideration for the professional level and time-taken to provide the services. Detailed fee schedules were presented in the related tables. Of the 141 kinds of nursing services, 24.8% were chargeble to the Korea Health Insurance, 32.6％ of the nursing services were being paid directly by the patienty. The rest of nursing services (42.6％) were not being charged to any source. It was recommened that the Korea Health Insurance Reimbursement system should add a classification system for nursing services that can be used in the national health care program. Further study is needed about how to include 32.6% of the nursing services now being paid for directly by the patients in the health insurance system.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 1978

진균류인 Aspergilus flavus의 대사생성물인 aflatoxin이 발암성물질이카는 것이 알려진 이래 비병원성 미생물이라고 ale어왔던 여러가지 미생물의 독성물질 생성여부에 관한 연구가 많이 이루어져 우리 식생활에 미생물독 즉 mycotoxin에 대한 문제는 더욱 중요하게 되였다. 본 실험에서는 토양에서 분리한 방선균속 균주가 생성하는 살어성물질의 기본적인 성질은 pH 3～7사이는 안정하였으나 PH 8이상에서는 매우 불안정하였으며 열에 대해서도 비교적 불안정한 물질이었으며 어종과 어체중에 따른 독성의 비교는 체중이 증가함에 따라 생존시간이 길었지만 버들붕어와 미꾸라지가 타어종에 비해서 본 독성물질에 대한 저항성이 매우 켰다. 일반적으로 미생물독의 생물에 대한 작용$^{(24~26)}$은 hemolytic necrotizing, proteolytic, neurotoxic, cardiotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic 등을 들 수 있으나 대부분의 독성물질은 상기 독작용 가운데 한 두 가지로서 그 주인이 된다. 본 물질의 잉어에 대한 각 조직의 succinic dehydrogenase 활성에 대한 조해작용을 조사한 결과 근육, 심장, 뇌 조직에 강한 조해현상을 나타내었다. 본 독성물질생성에 대한 금속 ion의 영향을 조사한 결과 $Cu^{2＋}$, $Pb^{2＋}$의 첨가가 크게 관계한다는 것을 알았으며 기타 본물질성장에 carbohydrate, amino acid, vitamin이 미치는 영향을 조사해 보고자 하며 어류이외의 타 온혈동물의 조직에 본독성물질을 작용시켜 그 결과를 알고자 한다. 한편 본 물질이 잉어의 각 조직에 대한 succinic dehydrogenase 활성에 미치는 정도 및 본 물질생성에 미치는 금속염의 영향을 볼 때 송$^{19~22}$ 등이 분이한 물질과는 차이가 있음을 알았다.소되었다. Alkaline protease는 배양 24시간에서 48시간까지는 0.1%구와 0.5%구가 대조구보다 효소력이 높았고 그 이상의 인삼엑기스가 첨가된 처리구보다 효소력이 낮았다. 그러나 48시간 이후부터는 효소력은 인삼엑기스 첨가량 순으로 감소를 나타내었다. period of May 13th-June 4th 1976. The study data was collected by the direct interview method based on the questionnaire which the investigator made out. The study result was analyzed by percentage, t - test. The findings can be summarized as follows: 1. General characteristics of nurses doing duty on puerperal ward: a. Nurses′average age was 24.8 years old. b. 84.6% had educational background of 4 years of college. c. 69.2% had a religion. d. 53.8% were married. e. 53.8% had clinical experience of 1 year -3 years. f, 61.5% did duty on puerperal ward during 1 year -3 years. g. 46.2% desired to do duty on obstetric ? gynecologic ward. 2. General characteristics of the women who were studied during their puerperal period: a. Women′s average age was 26.4 years old. b. 79.5% had educational background above high school.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.562-573
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• 1997

1993년 4월부터 1994년 8월까지 우리나라에서 채집된 자리돔속 (Chromis) 어류에 속하는 자리돔 (Chromis notata), 노랑자리 돔 (C. analis) 및 연무자리 돔 (C. fumea)을 대상으로 그들의 내부골격을 조사하였다. 자리돔속 3종은 두개골, 내장골, 척추골 및 미골의 형태에서 잘 구별되었다. 자리돔은 완만하게 경사진 인설골, 노랑자리돔은 3개의 꼬리지느러미 극상연조를 가지며, 연무자리돔은 전새개골의 뒷가장자리가 톱니 형태를 나타내어 뚜렷하게 구별 되었다. 본 조사 결과, 한국산 자리돔속 어류의 골격 중 두 개골의 상후두골, 부설골, 기저설골, 내장골의 전새개골, 안골의 안전골, 설궁의 인설골, 하설골, 각설골, 상설골, 견대의 후측두골, 후쇄골 상골편, 후쇄골 하골편, 첫 번째 사출골, 척추골의 측돌기 및 미골의 두번째 꼬리지느러미 앞 신경극이 새로운 분류형질로 밝혀졌다.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.183-202
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• 1996

This study was designed out to develop a home health care service for nurses working in community care services. This study investigates actual conditions at welfare institutions related to health needs the demands of clients, and the state of home health care services we hope that this study will improve upon the current service system. In Korea home health care services are still developing and only new becoming a part of the health care supply system. The data was collected by recording the client home nursing assessments modified to the situation of UTMB home health agency. In this study 107 clients were selected for home care who needed care for physical and mental deficits. The study lasted from March to November of 1995 at one of the welfare service institutions in Chunchon city. The results show that those who most frequently needed care services were over 50 years old with a health deficit of 80.3%, followed by sex as women who needed care at 59.8%. 50.5% of the clients had very little education. 99.1% of the clients live with their family, and a medical diagnostic analysis reveals that 73.9% of the 5 year period of illnesses were the following : 38.8% - muscular -skeleton system disorder, 24.4% - hypertension and stroke, 25.7% sole disease of arthritis. For behavioral conditions 43.3% of the patients were without care services, 56.6% of the patients were taking treatment that 73.5% of those were taking medication. The most main complaint of patients were 22.4% of pain in the extremities, next were 16.8% of a limitation of body activities, 15.0% was lumbo-sacralgia. According to the investigator who was a senior student nurse, the following suggestions were made: 32.7% for curative medical services, 29.9% for physical exercise, 19.6% for emotional support. Consultation nursing services consisted of 67.2% for physical therapy, 11.2% for the maintaining healing, 9.4% for counseling. The patients at home, required assistance most frequently for muscular-skeleton problems under the category of physical systems (33.3%). But, on the other hand, 49.5% of the patients required care givers at home, 28.2% had a knowledge deficit, 21.0% had malnutrition, 18.4% had bad impaired communication. The character of health problems were devided into chronic disease(67.0%), accidents(I3.1%), and general disease(15.9%). 86% of the disabled client had an impairment of the physical system. Eating (86.9%) , Toileting(77.6%), and personal care showed much the same of ADL condition, the level and range of achievement of mobility, the most frequently self performed was 81.3% only in a room size area, and 40.2% were completely dependent when going out. Although there were a large number of home care services in th community at these welfare institutions, many clients needed a variety of curative services. As policy changes have gathered momentum, responsibility for the development of a more suitable program was demanded by the clients from the community.

• 인간행동과 음악연구
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.63-84
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• 2017

본 연구는 75세 이상 노인의 노래부르기 실태 조사 및 지각하는 노래부르기 혜택과 삶의 질간의 관계를 알아보고자 실시되었다. 본 연구의 대상자는 총 231명의 후기 노인으로, 이 중 90명은 타인과 함께 거주하는 일반노인, 141명은 혼자 거주하고 있는 독거노인이었다. 각 대상자는 연구자가 제작한 설문지 조사와 삶의 질 척도 검사에 참여하였다. 연구자가 제작한 설문지는 대상자의 인구사회학적 특성과 여가 수준, 노래부르기 관련 경험, 노래부르기의 혜택에 대한 인식 등을 묻는 총 49개 문항으로 구성되었다. 회수된 설문지 중 응답이 불충분한 설문지를 제외하고 총 231부를 분석한 결과, 여가 활동에 참여하는 수준과 지각된 삶의 질에 있어 일반노인과 독거노인 간 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 노래부르기 관련 경험 유무에 있어서도 그룹 간 차이가 있었다. 또한 지각하는 노래부르기 혜택수준과 삶의 질 점수 간 정적 상관관계에 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 노래부르기 경험에 어떠한 혜택이 있는지 인식하는 수준이 삶의 질에 있어 중요한 요인이 될 수 있음을 시사한다. 또한 노래부르기가 적극적인 여가 활동으로 활용될 수 있는 가능성을 뒷받침하여, 기존의 감상 활동에 초점이 맞추어졌던 노인을 위한 활동 영역이 확대될 수 있는 기초를 마련했다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구 결과는 노인 대상군이 삶의 질 향상을 위한 대처 전략으로써 활용할 수 있는 노래부르기 활동을 제안하는 데 있어 참고할 만한 기초 자료를 제시했다는 데 그 의의가 있다고 할 수 있다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2017

통계조사 또는 실태조사는 '어떤 조사자가?', '어떤 목적으로?', 그리고 '어떻게?' 작성되었는가에 따라 왜곡의 가능성이 있는 것이 사실이다. 심지어는 통계결과는 '거짓말' 더 나아가서 범죄 또는 비행 등에 관한 통계는 '새빨간 거짓말'로 불리기도 한다. 범죄나 비행에 관한 통계를 신뢰하지 못하는 이유는 여러 가지를 들 수 있겠지만 그 중 대표적인 원인중의 하나가 숨은 범죄(Hidden Crime) 또는 형사사법기관에 보고되지 않는 범죄(Unreported Crime)가 존재한다는 것이다. 이러한 숨은 범죄문제를 보완하기 위해 피해자조사 또는 자기보고식 조사 등의 방법이 사용되고 있으나, 이 또한 범죄의 유형에 따라 과소보고 또는 과대보고의 문제가 있다. 범죄와 비행 그리고 일탈행동에 대한 조사는 매우 민감한 사항들이기 때문에, 조사대상자들은 심리적 부담을 가지게 된다. 이처럼 조사대상자들의 경험을 밝히는 것이 부담스러운 민감한 내용에 대해 진실한 답변을 유도할 수 있는 방법으로 통계학 분야에서 확률화응답모형(randomized response model)이 개발되어 사용되어왔다. 이 기법은 피해자조사 또는 자기보고식 조사의 문제점을 해결할 수 있는 매우 유용한 방법임에도 불구하고, 우리나라에서 범죄학 분야의 조사에서 사용된 경우는 매우 적다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 범죄학 분야연구에 있어 확률화응답모형의 적용가능성을 타진하기 위하여, 확률화응답모형을 활용하여 대학생들을 대상으로 성매매에 대한 내용을 실제로 측정해 보고, 확률화응답모형의 유용성을 확인해 보았다.