• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.56 no.9
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• pp.369-376
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• 2013

A complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors partially contributes to the development of allergic diseases by affecting development during prenatal and early life. To explain the dramatic increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases, the hygiene hypothesis proposed that early exposure to infection prevented allergic diseases. The hygiene hypothesis has changed to the microbial hypothesis, in which exposure to microbes is closely linked to the development of the early immune system and allergic diseases. The intestinal flora may contribute to allergic disease through its substantial effect on mucosal immunity. Based on findings that exposure to microbial flora early in life can change the Th1/Th2 balance, thus favoring a Th1 cell response, probiotics may be beneficial in preventing allergic diseases. However, evidence from clinical and basic research to prove the efficacy of probiotics in preventing allergy is lacking. To date, studies have yielded inconsistent findings on the usefulness of probiotics in allergic diseases. It is difficult to demonstrate an exact effect of probiotics on asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergy because of study limitations, such as different first supplementation period, duration, different strains, short follow-up period, and host factors. However, many studies have demonstrated a significant clinical improvement in atopic dermatitis with the use of probiotics. An accurate understanding of the development of human immunity, intestinal barrier function, intestinal microbiota, and systemic immunity is required to comprehend the effects of probiotics on allergic diseases.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.84-99
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• 2019

Dietary fiber is defined as soluble and insoluble polysaccharide consisted in the plant cell wall-associated fibers naturally occurring in fruits, vegetables, and cereal products, and of isolated fibers that are added to processed foods which are also artificially modified. There are so many difference types of dietary fibers as arabinoxylan, polydextrose chicory, oligosccharide. inulin, pectin, bran, cellulose, ${\beta}$-glucan, resistant starch and some seaweed polymers as alginate. Most of them provide many biological benefits in the intestine, as lower risk for developing coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, obesity and some of the gastrointestinal disease like as colon cancer. And also lowering cholesterol levels, improves glycemic and insulin sensitivity to non-diabetic and diabetic persons including immune system. Beside of many benefits, average consumers in developed and under developing countries take far less amounts of dietary fiber that international organization recommended. Adequate intake of dietary fiber is 14g/1,000kcal base using the energy guide line of 2,000kcal/day for women and 26,000 kcal/day for men, dietary intake is 28g/day of adult women and 36g/day for adult men. The mechanisms behind the reported effects of dietary fiber on metabolic health are not fully well established. It is suggested that changes in intestinal viscosity resulting mucus increasing, macro-nutrients absorption, rate of passage of large intestinal, production of short chain fatty acids by fermentation. Production of gut hormones and changes of microbiota in intestine. It is necessary to do more research in this field in the future and combined interdisciplinary works together.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.805-813
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• 2005

In our previous study, a novel herb mixture (HIM-I) of Angelim gigas radix, Cnidium officinale rhizoma, and Paeonia japonica radix was developed to protect the intestinal and immune systems and promote its recovery against radiation damage. In this study, a new herbal preparation (HemoHIM) with the high immune modulating activity was developed from HIM-I. HIM-I was fractionated into ethanol fraction (HIM-I-E) and polysaccharide fraction (HIM-I-P). And HemoHIM was prepared by adding HIM-I-P to HIM-I. The protective activities against $\gamma$ -irradiation were compared among HemoHIM, HIM-I and the fractions. HemoHIM and HIM-I significantly decreased the radiation-induced DNA damage in vitro, and scavenged hydroxyl radicals in a dose-dependent manner. HemoHIM showed similar activity to HIM-I. In vitro proliferation assay with mouse lymphocytes and bone marrow cells showed that HIM-I-P was remarkably higher than HIM-I and HIM-I-E in cell proliferating activity. HemoHIM showed higher activity than HIM-I and this might be associated with the higher polysaccharide content. The in vivo protective effects of HemoHIM and HIM-I were investigated in $\gamma$-irradiated mice. HemoHIM increased the surviving intestinal crypts to a similar extent compared with HIM-I. In contrast, HemoHIM appeared to be more effective than HIM-I in endogenous spleen colony formation assay. The recovery of white blood cells and lymphocytes in irradiated mice were significantly enhanced by the administration of HemoHIM. Also HemoHIM administration prolonged the survival of irradiated mice. These results showed that the novel herbal preparation, HemoHIM, effectively protected the self-renewal tissues and immune system, and promoted the survival of irradiated mice. Moreover, in comparison with HIM-I, HemoHIM maintained similar activity in the reduction of oxidative damage of self-renewal tissue but exhibited the higher activity in protection and proliferation of immune and hematopoietic cells. These results suggested that HemoHIM might be more effective than HIM-I in immune modulation as well as radioprotection.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.20-28
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• 2011

Crude polysaccharide (CP) was fractionated from the submerged culture (containing both mycelia and culture broth, SC) with Phellinus linteus (PL) in mushroom complete medium (MCM) supplemented with ginseng extract ($65^{\circ}$Bx, GE) to enhance the immune activity. PL-GE-15-CP from SC cultivated in MCM supplemented with GE-15% (v/v, a ratio of MCM volume to GE) showed significantly higher macrophage stimulation (1.45 fold of the saline control at $100{\mu}g$/mL) than PL-GE-5 and 10-CP with GE-5 and 10%, or PL-CP from SC without GE. The potent intestinal immune system modulating activity through Peyer's patch was also obtained by PL-GE-15-CP (1.46 fold). When PL-GE-15-CP further fractionated on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B (Cl- form), PL-GE-15-CP-II was the significantly higher than others from PL-GE-15-CP or PL-CP on macrophage stimulation, interleukin (IL)-12 production and intestinal immune system modulation (1.54, 3.96 and 1.56 fold, respectively). PL-GE-15-CP-II also had higher anti-metastatic activity against colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cell (57.3% inhibition of tumor control, $200{\mu}g$/mouse) rather than PL-CP-II. This active fraction (PL-GE-15-CP-II) mainly contained neutral sugar (82.45%) and uronic acid (12.99%), and component sugar analysis showed that PL-GE-15-CP-II consisted mainly of uronic acid, Ara, Man, Gal and Glc (molar ratio of 0.52:0.97:0.63:1.00:0.54). Furthermore, the activity of GE culture was higher compared with culture without GE, indicating that GE helped to enhance the immune activity of P. linteus; also, it is assumed that the polysaccharide plays an important role in immune enhancement.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.95-101
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• 2008

Some biological activities of Beauveria bassiana were studied to elucidate pharmacological function of B. bassiana-infected larva of the silkworm. The mycelium consisted mainly of carbohydrate (65.8%), followed by protein (15.9%) and fat (8.3%). Glucose (68.8%), mannose (7.1%), and galactose (6.1%) were major components in carbohydrates. Ten amino acids including glutamine, threonine, valine, aspartic acid, alanine, leucine, serine, glycine, arginine, and isoleucine were found in protein as major amino acids. Various extracts were prepared from the freeze-dried mycelium of B. bassiana by systemic extraction and their biological activities were investigated. Among tested fractions, the hot-water extract (HW) contributed significantly to the anti-coagulant activity, anti-complementary activity, and stimulation of intestinal immune system. The methanol extract (ME) increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.77-83
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• 2001

For defining the possibilities of the commercial mass liquid culture of Cordyceps sinensis, the pharmacological activities of mycelia were analyzed. The mycelium of C. sinensis consists of carbohydrate (5.1%) and fat (1.3%), and contains a low content of protein (0.7%) and ash (0.5%), and 92.4% moisture. The molecular sugar ratio of carbohydrate was composed mainly of glucose, mannose (1.0 : 0.9), in addition a small amount of galactose and arabinose (0.2 : 0.1). The cellular materials of mycelia were fractionated into ethylacetate (EA), MeOH (M) and hot-water extract fraction (HW). HW fraction showed the most potent intestinal immune system modulating activity, anti-coagulant activity, and anti-complementary activity, and M fraction had the inhibition activity of radical generation as effective as genistine. These results reveal that the mycelium of liquid cultured C. sinensis showed pharmacological activities and could be used for commercial purpose.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1793-1800
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• 2020

Bifidobacterium strains can provide several health benefits, such as antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects. Some strains inhibit growth or cell adhesion of pathogenic bacteria, including multidrug-resistant bacteria, and their antibacterial activity can be intensified when combined with certain antibiotics. In addition, some strains of bifidobacteria reduce viral infectivity, leading to less epithelial damage of intestinal tissue, lowering the virus shedding titer, and controlling the release of antiviral substances. Furthermore, bifidobacteria can modulate the immune system by increasing immunoglobulins, and inducing or reducing pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines, respectively. In particular, these anti-inflammatory effects are helpful in the treatment of patients who are already suffering from infection or inflammatory diseases. This review summarizes the antimicrobial effects and mechanisms, and immunomodulatory effects of Bifidobacterium strains, suggesting the potential of bifidobacteria as an alternative or complementary treatment option.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.44.1-44.28
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• 2022

Gut dysbiosis is one of prominent features in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) which are of an unknown etiology. Although the cause-and-effect relationship between IBD and gut dysbiosis remains to be elucidated, one area of research has focused on the management of IBD by modulating and correcting gut dysbiosis. The use of antibiotics, probiotics either with or without prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation from healthy donors are representative methods for modulating the intestinal microbiota ecosystem. The gut microbiota is not a simple assembly of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, but a complex organ-like community system composed of numerous kinds of microorganisms. Thus, studies on specific changes in the gut microbiota depending on which treatment option is applied are very limited. Here, we review previous studies on microbial modulation as a therapeutic option for IBD and its significance in the pathogenesis of IBD.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.46 no.11
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• pp.672-674
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• 2023

Schematic diagram of the interaction between the intestinal muscularis externa (MMΦ) macrophages and the enteric nervous system (ENS) neurons during different developmental periods. At the early postnatal stage, MMΦs play a critical role in ENS maturation and refinement through synaptic pruning and enteric neuron phagocytosis. In addition, during the adult stage, a specific MMΦ subset named neuron-associated (NA)-MMΦ, supports enteric neuronal survival and functions. Conversely, enteric neurons promote the phenotypic MMΦ changes by secreting transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), transitioning them from a phagocytic phenotype in the early postnatal period to a neuroprotective and immune-surveillant phenotype in the young adult period. Disruptions in these interactions could lead to alterations in the enteric neuron numbers, ultimately resulting in reduced gut motility.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.11-23
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• 2011

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus(SLE) is an autoimmune disease invading the skin, joint, kidney, intestinal membrane, neurosystem and other organs. SLE is an autoimmune disease characterized by immune dysregulation resulting in the production of antinuclear antibodies(ANA), generation of circulating immune complexes, and activation of the complement system. In Korean medicine, lupus can be classified as acute arthritis, reddish butterfly erythema, asthenic disease, edema and so on. The cause and procedure of the diseases are flourishing noxious heat, excessive fire due to deficiency of yin, blood stasis due to stagnation of qi, internal movement of the liver-wind, congenital deficiency, exhausted vital-qi, which are treated by clearing away heat and cooling the blood, nourshing yin and extinguishing fire, treating flatulence and activating blood circulation, nourishing the blood to expel wind, invigorating the liver and kidney, invigorating qi and replenishing the blood. To experimentally examine the influence of Insam-Buja-Tang (Ginseng & Aconiti Extract, IBT) on the outbreak and development of lupus, lupus induce MRL/MpJ-Faslpr lupus-prone mice model was used. As IBT was orally administrated to a lupus model mouse, various tests such as the weight, urine protein, renal function, Lymph cell test of the spleen, Cytokine expression, histopathological analysis of kideny were performed to see the influence on the kidney and whether it work effectively on the immune function. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of IBT on MRL/MpJ-Faslpr lupus-prone mice model. The effect of IBT on MRL/MpJ-Faslpr lupus-prone mice that can have autoimmune disease similar to SLE in human was evaluated after IBT per oral in the present study.