• 지역과문화
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.81-108
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• 2020

This study aims to critically consider the local cultural policies of the government and local governments by village mural. Village murals, which began to be painted in the late 1990s, have been a nationwide cultural phenomenon for decades. In particular, it was consistently used as an important element of various local cultural policies implemented by the government and local governments. The government and local governments have been working on the project for two purposes: 'improving the residential environment' and 'activating tourism' but it has largely focused on 'activating tourism'. This study grasped the concrete status of major village murals across the country through field surveys, one of the case study methods. Also, through the analysis of official documents, the government and local governments operating in the village mural project were analyzed for the policy basis and administrative management plan. As a result of on-site surveys, most of the village murals across the country had problems such as uniform subject matter, low level representation, and poor follow-up management. This is partly based on the experiences and abilities of organizations and artists who participated in the village mural project, but fundamentally, it is due to the projects of the government and local governments that focused on short-term visual tourism rather than long-term improvement of the residential environment. It was confirmed that the projects of the government and local governments were carried out through vertical integration and that there were problems in the actual work, such as requiring specific topics, subject matter, designs and colors. As a result, the village murals 'objectify' the residents and 'romanticized' the place, resulting in a unified visual representation. Therefore, this study suggests that the administration and accounting should be strictly managed, but in actual work, the vertical integration structure should be eased by simplifying various documents and procedures, as well as rich cultural understanding of the target place, selection of various topics, and original subject matter and expressions.

• 지역과문화
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2021

This study examined at an exploratory level what should be considered for developing underdeveloped areas using local cultural resources. This study analyzed the psychological and behavioral differences between those who have visited underdeveloped areas developed using local cultural resources and those who haven't, to draw out the implications for the urban regeneration. The results showed that there were differences in respondents' motivation to visit, perception of what needs to be done for the tourism development of underdeveloped areas, perception of the expected effects of developing cultural contents, and consumption behaviors. In other words, those who have visited the tourist sites where had been underdeveloped areas have a more positive attitude toward visit motivations, needs for tourist site development, expected effects of local cultural content development, and consumption behaviors than those who haven't. It means that it is of the utmost importance to induce as many people as possible into tourist sites in underdeveloped areas. This exploratory study is expected to offer some implications for developing underdeveloped areas as tourist sites, a form of urban regeneration.

• 지역과문화
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.21-48
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• 2021

This paper discusses the possibility of developing literary villages and book towns by examining the feasibility of place marketing for culture and art spaces from multiple perspectives. The aim is to point out the practicability of literary villages, moving away from building halls of fame for individual writers and artists and toward creating whole villages functioning as the centers of their local cultural scene, as well as suggest ways for contributing to regional revitalization and development of culture and art programs. To this end, "Kim Yujeong Literature Village," "Lee Hyo-seok Culture and Art Village," and "Hwang Soon-Won Sonagi Village" were selected; based on these, case studies were conducted and their actual operational status was explored. As a result, it was discovered that literary villages would function well as the centers of their local community if meaningful and interesting content is continuously developed with quality enhancement. This suggests a positive impact of place marketing, and to achieve this, it is necessary to open a new paradigm of local culture by differentiating from other cultural industries and securing a position as a new industrial sector. To this end, the paper suggests approaches such as small local literary groups with direct or indirect links to the literary village, or application of space and related works in the literary village with local education.

• 지역과문화
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.85-111
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• 2020

In Korea, the independent publication market has grown since it came into existence in the 1990s. In 2008, the country's first independent bookstores selling independent publications opened. As of late 2019, there were a total of 466 independent bookstores in Korea and the number of independent bookstores rapidly increased for the last decade. However, the closing rate of independent bookstores is rapidly increasing. This trend is also shown in independent bookstores in Gwangju. Recently, the closing rate of independent bookstores in Gwangju is more than twice as high as the national average. Against this backdrop, this study intended to identify the current conditions of independent bookstores in the city, analyze the problems facing them, and find solutions. Independent bookstores in Gwangju currently make various efforts such as book curation, management of various supplementary programs, and book markets. However, the bookstores have problems including the curation and programs focused on specific areas, focus on limited generations, dependence on publications from the Seoul metropolitan area. To address these problems, this study proposed solutions such as diversifying publications through planning and developing of local contents, strengthening the taste-based salon nature, organizing networks of independent bookstores, and systematically incubating independent bookstores. At the system level, this study also suggested a need for local bookstore certification system, a complete execution of a fixed book price system, and a fair provision rate.

• KNOM Review
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2021

With the spread of the Internet, users can easily receive various services and exchange information through the web. There are several requirements for building a web system, and it must be developed using a programming language or platform for user purposes. Residual material information refers to information on medicines and pesticides added to food, and residual material standards are used to measure the level of residues in food produced by companies and farmers to determine whether those levels meet domestic or international standards. Currently, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety provides residual acceptance standards for food additives, including food, pesticides and animal medicines, in the form of documents, which must be serviced smoothly and conveniently by users through the establishment of a web system. It must also meet a variety of requirements, including user accessibility, such as scalability and compatibility. This paper proposes react-based residual material information web system that allows users to access more conveniently and receive residual material information smoothly. We measured the speed for the three inportant functions of information provision and compared them with existing residual material information web systems and qualitatively evaluated the seven essential requirements: scalability, compatibility, and accessibility.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2022

Whether Dokdo can sustain human habitation or economic life of their own plays an important role to the legal status of the island in the international maritime law. This study reports the hydrological survey results regarding the water resource of the island occurred at Moolgol in Seodo. The amount of underground discharge at Moolgol was estimated at least 1.1 m³/d, conforming the results of previous studies. Based on the oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios of water, the discharge appeared to originate from precipitation, and about 36% of the daily precipitation moves fast to the Moolgol through the joints developed in the volcanic bedrocks. Quality of the discharged water shows relatively higher concentrations in Cl and NO₃ to be used for drinking and domestic purposes, probably affected by the sea spray and waves from surrounding sea and the birds' excretion such as black-tailed gulls.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.1911-1920
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• 2022

Objective: This study was performed to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME_n) content of tannin-free red/bronze, white/tan and U.S. No. 2 varieties of grain sorghum for feeding Japanese quail and validate their nutrient profile by evaluating effects on performance and carcass traits with full-substitution of corn. Methods: Experiment 1 determined the AME_n content of red/bronze, white/tan, and U.S. No. 2 grain sorghum varieties fed to mixed-sex Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) (n = 314) at 3 and 6-weeks of age. Analyses were based on a 2×4 factorial treatment design with age and grain types defining the treatments, and a randomized complete block experiment design with cage and trials defining the block. AME_n values were validated by evaluating the performance and carcass traits of Japanese quail (n = 644) from 1 to 40 days of age in Experiment 2 with birds were fed 1 of 4 complete diets. Statistical analyses were conducted on performance data and select individual carcass trait measurements. Results: Determined AME_n values at 3-weeks of age were 3,524±122.03 (red/bronze), 3,252±122.03 (white/tan), and 3,039±123.44 (U.S. No. 2) kcal/kg. At 6-weeks of age, determined AME_n were 3,373±297.35 (red/bronze), 3,279±297.35 (white/tan), and 2,966±298.64 (U.S. No. 2) kcal/kg. Carcass traits showed live body weight (p = 0.0409) and hot carcass weight (p = 0.0234) were greatest in U.S. No. 2; however, carcass yield (p<0.0001) was lowest. No significant differences were observed among treatments for feed intake, feed conversion ratio, breast weight and breast yield (p>0.05). Conclusion: These studies demonstrated that tannin-free grain sorghum varieties may be a potential alternative to corn in quail diets while maintaining growth performance and carcass parameters.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.902-915
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• 2022

Objective: Diet acidification supplementation is known to influence intestinal morphology, gut microbiota, and on phosphorus (P) utilization of broilers. Alterations in intestinal barrier and microbiota have been associated with systemic inflammation and thus regulating bone turnover. Hence the effect of acidifier addition to drinking water on tibia mass and the linkages between intestinal integrity and bone were studied. Methods: One-d-old male broilers were randomly assigned to normal water (control) or continuous supply of acidified water (2% the blend of 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutyric acid, lactic, and phosphoric acid) group with 5 replicates of 10 chicks per replicate for 42 d. Results: Acidification of drinking water improved the ash percentage and calcium content of tibia at 42 d. Broilers receiving acidified water had increased serum P concentration compared to control birds. The acidified group showed improved intestinal barrier, evidenced by increased wall thickness, villus height, the villus height to crypt depth ratio, and upregulated mucin-2 expression in ileum. Broilers receiving drinking water containing mixed organic acids had a higher proportion of Firmicutes and the ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, as well as a lower population of Proteobacteria. Meanwhile, the addition of acidifier to drinking water resulted in declined ileal and serum proinflammatory factors level and increased immunoglobulin concentrations in serum. Concerning bone remodeling, acidifier addition was linked to a decrease in serum C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase reflecting bone resorption, whereas it did not apparently change serum alkaline phosphatase activity that is a bone formation marker. Conclusion: Acidified drinking water increased tibia mineral deposition of broilers, which was probably linked with higher P utilization and decreased bone resorption through improved intestinal integrity and gut microbiota and through decreased systemic inflammation.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.497-510
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• 2022

Monthly monitoring, 3D scan survey, and electrical resistivity survey were conducted from January 2018 to August 2022 to identify the cause of rockfall occurring in Daljeon-ri Columnar Joint (Natural Monument No. 415), Pohang. A total of 3,231 rocks fell from the columnar joint over the past 5 years, and 1,521 (47%) of the falling rocks were below 20 cm in length, 978 (30.3%) of 20-30 cm, and 732 (22.7%) of rocks over 30 cm. While the number of rockfalls by year has decreased since 2018, the frequency of rockfalls bigger than 30 cm tends to increase. Large-scale rockfalls occurred mainly during the thawing season (March-April) and the rainy season (June-July), and the analysis of the relationship between cumulative rainfall and rockfall occurrence showed that cumulative rainfall for 3 to 4 days is also closely related to the occurrence of rockfall. Smectite and illite, which are expansible clay minerals, were observed in XRD analysis of the slope material (filling minerals) in the columnar joint, and the presence of a fault fracture zone was confirmed in the electrical resistivity survey. In addition, the confirmed fault fracture zone and the maximum erosion point analyzed through 3D precision measurement coincided with the main rockfall occurrence point observed by the BTC-6PXD camera. Therefore, the main cause of rockfall at Daljeon-ri columnar joint in Pohang is a combination of internal factors (development of fault fracture zones and joints, weathering of rocks, presence of expansive clay minerals) and external factors (precipitation, rapid thawing phenomenon), resulting in large-scale rockfall. Meanwhile, it was also confirmed that the Pohang-Gyeongju earthquake, which was continuously raised, was not the main cause.

• Analyses & Alternatives
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.117-154
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to verify the practical validity of financial sanctions, which has recently emerged as the most powerful form of economic sanctions preferred by U.S. foreign policy tool. Based on the theoretical discussion, analyse this study the trend of de-dollarization appearing in connection with financial sanctions and argue that the effectiveness of financial sanctions erode the dollar financial hegemony, which is the source of its power can be degraded, so that its effectiveness could not be so great as most people likely think about. After World War II, there has been an increasing tendency in the international community to favor economic sanctions over the use of military force as an effective means of foreign policy. Among these economic sanctions, a distinct feature that has recently appeared is the remarkable increase in the frequency of use of financial sanctions. The country that favors financial sanctions most is the United States. The reason is that they believe that the power of their own dollar financial hegemony can exert deadly pressure on other countries. Financial sanctions favored by the United States are said to have increased the effectiveness of sanctions by upgrading the pressure of sanctions to the next level. Nevertheless, financial sanctions have a side that underestimates the cost. This problem is found in the signs that the backlash from not only countries subject to financial sanctions but also many countries with interests in these countries is leading to a tendency to de-dollarization. This study will try to see how likely this de-dollarization trend is to offset the effectiveness of financial sanctions.