• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.129-150
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• 2012

This study examined difference in the responses of children and therapists depending on children's problem type(internalization or externalization) and the therapists' levels of psychological burnout. Play therapy' cases (March 2010 ~ September 2011) were successfully concluded in more than 36 sessions, which targeting 14 children aged 4~9 who had emotional and behavioral problems and two therapists who consulted with the children. To examine the change in the play therapy stepwise process in this case, the responses in the children and the therapists were examined by dividing the stages of therapy into the early stage, the middle stage, and the late stage. The Results showed that (1) the children's response during the play therapy process were not significant different for both types of children's problems. Moreover, there were no differences with different levels psychological burnout by the therapist. (2) A change in the children's response during the play therapy process was noted in both children who had internalization problem and in those who had externalization problems. Moreover, according to the therapist's levels of psychological burnout, a change in the children's responses was indicated in the play therapy process. (3) The therapist's responses in the play therapy process did not show significant difference according to children's problem type or therapists' levels of psychological burnout. (4) A significant difference was noted in the responses between the therapists experiencing psychological burnout depending on their level.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2023

For proper socialization of children the psychological and emotional state of parents that affect children is very important. Recently, while interest in various psychological behavioral problems of children has increased, various studies have been conducted on parental psychology that affects children's emotions. In particular, due to COVID-19, stress has increased throughout society, and it has made parental psychology and childrearing more difficult. Therefore, we aim to investigate the effects of psychological factors, among the variables of various parents that affect children's problem behavior in this study. As a result of this study, it can be confirmed that there is a difference in the effect of parental depression on children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Parental depression had a significant positive effect on children's internalizing behavior with 𝛽 =.34, p<.001. In other words, the higher the parents' depression, the higher the child's internalization behavior. And parental depression was found to have a significant effect on children's externalizing behavior, with 𝛽 =.81, p<.001. This also means that the higher the parents' depression, the higher the child's externalizing behavior. Therefore, it can be seen that parental depression is an important factor influencing both children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.125-135
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• 2004

Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) in Korea has been used to improve environmental conservation and decision-making. Since environmental impact statement(EIS) was introduced in 1981 with the promulgation of the Environmental Preservation Act in 1977, which replaced the Pollution Control Act legislated in 1963. With a rapid growth of environmental perception as well as the diversification of development activities, however, it has recently bring about a strong demand for a new assessment process related to the strategic level of policies, plan, programs. Method of this study includes analyses of the situation of local EIA and its problematic issues through survey and analysis of information and data, analysis of the level of environmental awareness of professionals and case studies including analysis of foreign strategic environmental assessment. Accordingly, I have elicited a concept of SEA. In addition, I have studied on costs of environmental assessment, and efficiency of internalization of HIA. The survey was carried between September and November 2003, and 177 professionals were asks to complete a questionnaire. As a result of questionnaire survey of environmental pundits, it revealed that 83.8% of participants were in favor of introduction of strategic assessment. This result demonstrated more or less higher approval rate than those of awareness survey done by the Ministry of Environment, i.e. 86.0% ayes, and 14.0% nays. 22.8% of participants agreed to the opinion; "For introduction of this system, earlier is better," 50% reported having an opinion such as, "Will introduce this system in an earliest possible time after correcting problems," 26.3% reported having an opinion such as, "Let's decide the time for introduction of this system after correcting problems first,' and 0.9% reported having an opinion, "it's too early to introduce this system." Specifically, the ratio of ayes on introduction of the system marked 72.8%, and it revealed that a majority of respondents have an opinion such as, "Will introduce this system in an earliest possible time after correcting problems." As means of solutions for the problem regarding the limits of applications that existed in SEA System, factors, such as collecting a wide variety of opinions, securing experts, and faithful implementation, etc. were reported important, and in addition to these factors, respondents revealed having opinions such as, consistent research and development, reflection of public interest, establishment of professional organization, enforcement of after-management service, expanding investments in large, systemizing reference materials, and encouraging public participation, etc. To improve problems involving with present EIA system, it has been identified through this study that SEA is efficient and useful. In order to have SEA introduced successfully, it has been cleared that internalization of effectiveness of environmental cost together with HIA must be accomplished.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.241-251
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• 2018

The study is a preliminary study of the effectiveness of the structured cognitive behavioral arbitration program targeting elementary school students who perform high risk problems based on schools for convergence with local communities. The program is designed to be practiced by semi-trained professionals. To screen high-risk students, total 102 students were tested K-CBCL and those who scored over 60T on problem behavior syndrome scale were recruited. 32 students were selected and devided into intervention group and control group. Intervention group was received 90-minutes-sessions per week, for nine weeks. The program was done by graduate students and undergraduate students majoring counseling and supervised by school psychologist. The internalization group showed significantly lower score in Internalization, anxiety/depression, and externalization group showed externalization, aggressive behavior. but mixed group didn't showed significantly lower score. Implications of the results, limitations and suggestions for future study were mentioned.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.45-57
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• 2019

Effective implementation of private subsidy projects requires comprehensive expertise in the aquaculture and construction sectors to be provided to private subsidy operators, local government officials and others involved in budget execution and settlement. Due to the strengthening of laws and systems related to the execution of state subsidies since 2015, the efficient implementation of private-sector grant projects has been difficult for delays in projects, cancellations, and conflicts with local governments from lack of prior awareness and understanding of related regulations. It is expected that the government will be able to activate the project by analyzing the current status and problems of each phase of project implementation for improving quality internalization of the project effects, as well as quantitative growth of the private sector subsidy project for environmentally friendly aquaculture development projects.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.115-136
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• 2007

In this study, we investigate the possibility of deploying a recently emerging Internet-based technology, called Web log or Blog, to address the problems of knowledge transfer and sharing, particularly in the case of tacit knowledge. We examined the use practice of four blogs and then identified several properties relevant to knowledge transfer and sharing. They include the specific style of blog format, content ownership attribution, posted article organization, communication tools and method, news feed function, and various links from/to outside websites. These features were argued to facilitate knowledge transfer and sharing. In particular, we discussed a great deal about the structure of comments and links as tools for collaboration and idea sharing, which enables the knowledge conversion processes (socialization, externalization, combination, and internalization), We then provide several guidelines to develop blogs as a knowledge management tool.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2010

Objectives ： The purpose of this study was to evaluate gender differences with respect to the internalization or externalization of symptoms according to the amount of time spent engaged in extracurricular education. Methods ： The study included a community sample of 755 boys and girls (mean age, 6.6 years), collected from five elementary schools in Gunpo, South Korea. Primary caregivers completed a questionnaire which included information on demographics, the amounts of time children spent in extracurricular education and with other activities, and an adapted form of the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC-2). Gender differences regarding externalizing and internalizing behavior problems were examined according to extracurricular education. Results ： With respect to the boys, there was a difference in the frequency of those who had externalizing behavior problems according to their time spent in extracurricular education. In contrast, the girls exhibited no difference. With respect to those children who spent a lot of time engaged in extracurricular education, there was a gender-specific difference only with respect to externalizing behavior problems. Conclusion ： A gender-specific difference exists only in terms of externalizing behavior problems according to time spent engaged in extracurricular education.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.49-64
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• 1993

The present waste problems require a change of thinking with regard to conventional economics. It has been generally believed that competitive markets maximize social welfare. But, the other hand, a few economists argue that "the competitive markets cannot always be relied on to provide all goods in the efficient amount." One of the best examples of the latter contention is the environmental problem. What is the basic thinking of the conventional economics that causes this problems \ulcorner What is the present problem that requires the change of conventional economic thinking \ulcorner The environmental problem result from the conventional economic thinking such as pursuing the limitless of the Gross National Product(GNP), believing the increasing returns in economics of scale and the efficiency of competitive market. This economic principles, howe- ver, does not apply currently to public goods, especially environmental amenity and natural resource because the price of markets does not reflect the natural goods of services. We call this eternality. Externalizes are no considered by either buyers or sellers of goods of which production or use results in an eternality. This leads to market failure are causes an waste problem in the economic activities. Today, it is almost impossible to say in a word what the solution for waste problems is because they are by-products complicated and entangled human activities. In this paper, I have introduced the causes of environmental problems only from the economic point of view. I have also described the needs of conversion of conventional economic thinking. Firstly, sustainable development, maintaining the natural resources, should be the basis of the economic growth rather that pursuing the limitless growth of GNP. Secondly, an appropriate scale of human's production activity should be taken into account to reduce the impact to the natural environment. Thirdly, internalization of eternality is asked to correct the market failure. This requires the public policy such as imposing a talsubsidy, assigning a property right or implement a more detailed environmental quality standard through, because use of the natural resources can be. allocated optimally by the intervention of government or social associations.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.143-157
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• 2002

The aims of this study are to develop web-based learning materials for science and environmental education of elementary school. The effect of environmental education was divided into eight to measure: the awareness of using web as environmental material, the ability to use web as environmental material. the awareness of environmental problems, the satisfaction for environmental education using web, the awareness of preserving local environment, self-leading ability to learn environment, the effect of using environment homepage, and the internalization of environmental awareness. This study obtained the following results; First, as a result of post-test, the average of the test group of web-based learning was 1.29 points higher than the control group having traditional learning in the awareness of using web as environmental material, showing a statistically significant difference. Second, as a result of post-test, the average of the test group of web-based learning was 2.80 points higher than the control group in the ability to use web as environmental material, showing a statistically significant difference. Third, as a result of post-test, the average of the test group of web-based learning was 1.10 points higher than the control group in the awareness of environmental problems, showing a statistically significant difference. Fourth, as a result of post-test, the average of the test group of web-based teaming was 0.89 points higher than the control group in the satisfaction for environmental education using web, showing a statistically significant difference. Fifth, as a result of post-test, the average of the test group of web-based learning was 1.70 points higher than the control group in the self-leading ability to learn environment, showing a statistically significant difference. Sixth, as a result of post-test, the average of the test group of web-based learning was 1.21 points higher than the control group in the effect of using environment homepage, showing a statistically significant difference. Finally, as a result of post-test, the average of the test group of web-based learning was 1.39 points higher than the control group in the internalization of environmental awareness, showing a statistically significant difference. Based on these results, it is assumed that the teaching method which applied web-based teaming to science and environmental education in elementary school is a effective strategy for elementary science and on environmental education.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.462-470
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• 2015

This study examined for which socio-economic difference effects on brain function and Problem behavior syndrome in children. About a children with no disorders, diseases or cognitive dysfunction-30 were from LIC children and another 30, from MC ones, the study was conducted by measuring and analyzing the data using brain function analysis and K-CBCL from January to April, 2013. The results of the study are as follows. First, it was found that the ratio of LIC's theta(${\Theta}$) and SMR waves and that of delta(${\delta}$), high beta(${\beta}h$), alpha(${\alpha}$) and low beta(${\beta}l$) waves showed significantly higher values than MC children. Second, concerning the symptoms of child behavioral problems, LIC showed significantly higher values than MC children in symptoms of the body, depression and anxiety, social immaturity, thinking problems, attention problems, aggression, internalization, externalization, overall behavioral problems, and emotional instability. MC children showed significantly higher values than LIC chidren in symptoms of social, academic-performance, total social skills. In conclusion, the significant difference of the brain functions and the symptoms of child behavioral problems between LIC and MC children showed that the socio-ecnomic difference has an influence on the same functions and symptoms above.