• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.47 no.7
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• pp.45-58
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of individual variables, mother related variables, and timemanagement ability on self-management of adolescents. In addition, the direct and indirect effects of these variables on self-management were also assessed. The subjects of this study were 496 students who were selected at random from middle schools in Daegu. The questionnaire was used for this survey, consisted of a self-management, a timemanagement, a self-efficacy, an internal locus of control, mother’s home management, and mother’s support scale. Factor analysis, multiple regression analysis and path analysis were employed for data analysis. The major findings of this study were as follows: First, mother’s home management planning ability had the most affect on adolescent time-management ability in terms of planning and implementing, while self-efficacy had the most affect on time-management evaluating ability. Second, adolescent’ time-management planning ability had the most affect on lifestyle and money management, time-management implementing ability on studies management, self-efficacy on health management, and internal locus of control on interpersonal relation management of adolescents. Third, among adolescent self-management, lifestyle management, studies management and money management can be achieved through the mediation of adolescent time management ability. They exhibit indirect influence through adolescent self-efficacy, internal locus of control, mother’s home-management planning ability, and mother’s home-management implementing ability. Furthermore, time-management ability is also influenced through the mediation of health management and interpersonal relation management, but is not indirectly affected by selfefficacy, internal locus of control, time planning ability, and time implementing ability.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.9 no.12
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• pp.271-278
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• 2019

Working in the beauty industry accompanies high emotional stress because of the need to provide face-to-face customer service. Therefore, beauty industry employees should be recognized as internal customers and job satisfaction should be enhanced through appropriate internal marketing (education and training, compensation system, delegation, management support). With this preceded, it could lead to employees providing various satisfactory services to external customers, ultimately resulting in maximized sales and lower turnover rate. Four hypotheses were established to support this proposition, and 320 copies of questionnaires were collected from Nov. 1 to Dec. 30, 2018 targeting the beauty industry franchise workers which were analyzed through frequency analysis, reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, route Analysis and the like, using programs AMOS 21.0 and SPSS 22.0. As a result, education and training did not affect employees' job satisfaction, but the compensation system, delegation, and management support had a positive(+) effect.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.19-37
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• 2015

Forming interfirm collaborative relationships has become a key aspect of a firm's marketing strategies to create value for customers and achieve greater firm performance. While empirical findings are mixed in previous studies, this study is an effort to identify boundary conditions for the benefits of marketing alliances. We investigate internal and environmental factors that may magnify or constrain the effect of marketing alliances on firm profitability. Given the complementary relationship between marketing and R&D activities, we focus on a firm's R&D intensity as an internal factor that may magnify the value of marketing alliances for firm performance. For environmental factors, we focus on industry turbulence and industry competitiveness. Industry turbulence refers to the degree to which industry market conditions change quickly and unpredictably, whereas industry competitiveness refers to the degree to which a firm faces competition in the industry. By testing these factors, we are intended to reveal boundary conditions that determine the value of marketing alliances for firm profitability. The analysis of firms in the diverse industries shows that while the main effect of marketing alliances on firm profitability is not significant, it becomes more positive when R&D investment is more intensive or when industry environment is more turbulent. The results of this study imply that just forming more marketing alliances may not be enough to increase firm profitability. Our findings imply that marketing alliances become more effective in a dynamically changing industry environment. That is, firms can cope with industry uncertainties more effectively by forming marketing alliances. At the same time, the moderating effect of R&D intensity implies that the internal investments in R&D magnify the effect of marketing alliances on firm profitability. The findings of this study contributes to the existing alliance literature in three aspects. First, this study enhances our understanding of the contingent value of marketing alliances by testing both internal and external factors that may influence the effectiveness of marketing alliances. Second, this study responds to the need for research that investigates actual performance resulting from interfirm relationships. Third, while previous studies primarily focused on a specific industry, this study extend previous findings of the boundary conditions for the benefits of marketing alliances in a broader context.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.60-71
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• 2000

Backgrounds : Cathepsin D, an aspartic lysosomal proteinase, is believed to be involved in local invasion and metastasis of tumor cells by its proteolytic activity and has been described to be associated with tumor progression and prognosis in some human malignancies including breast cancer. But, its prognostic value for human lung cancer remains to be determined. The purpose of this study is to determine clinicopathological and prognostic significance of cathepsin D expression in non-small cell lung cancer. Method : Using a polyclonal antibody, immunohistochemical analysis of cathepsin D was performed on paraffin embedded sections of tumors obtained surgically from 54 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (37 squamous cell carcinoma, 14 adenocarcinoma, 2 large cell carcinoma, and 1 undifferentiated carcinoma). Results : Eighteen patients (33.3%) showed positive immunoreactivities of cathepsin D in tumor cells. No significant correlation of cathepsin D expression in tumor cells was found in p-stage (surgical-pathologic stage), tumor size, tumor factor, nodal involvement, and differentiation. Of 54 patients, 29 (53.7%) patients showed moderate to massive cathepsin D-positive stromal cells within the tumor tissues, while the rest (46.3%) showed few cathepsin D-positive stromal cells within the tumor tissues. Cathepsin D expression in stromal cells was significantly associated with p-stage in non-small cell lung canær (p=0.031). No significant correlation of the degree of cathepsin D-positive stromal cells was found in tumor size, T -factor, nodal involvement, differentiation Cathepsin D expression status in tumor cells and stromal cells was not significantly associated with prognosis expressed by survival rate. The results of multivariate analyses of variables possibly associated with prognosis showed that nodal involvement was the only independent prognostic factor in all patients. Conclusion : Cathepsin D expression in stromal cells was significantly associated with p-stage in non-small cell lung cancer. However, it was not related to other clinicopathologic features and prognosis, and Cathepsin D expression in tumor was not related to p-stage and prognosis.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.29-36
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• 2015

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of effective role-play and training on employee education satisfaction and customer orientation. Evidence of the suggested objective is obtained by monitoring the effectiveness of hotel service training. Research design, data, and methodology - Data were collected from 280 role-play sessions performed in a Korean Hotel and examined using a frequency analysis, reliability/validity assessments, correlation analysis, and regression analysis using SPSS 19.0. Results - 1) Entrepreneurs and training instructors should enthusiastically apply service education in order to enhance each employee d evaluation in terms of customer satisfaction and customer orientation. 2) The most effective factor on customer satisfaction and orientation is the instructor's qualifications. 3) Since a higher level of education-training satisfaction leads to better customer orientation, effective education-training is essential to achieve this result. Conclusions - The study was able to obtain practical evidence that can confirm that service education-training through role-play positively affects employee customer service orientation. In future advanced research on training effects on customer orientation, various internal factors of a business should also be considered.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.48 no.9
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• pp.41-54
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• 2010

This study attempted to determine how the subjective knowledge related to a consumer's life cycle influences their information search in the decision making process. The data was collected using a total of 349 questionnaires for the final analysis of this study. SPSS 12.0 for windows was used for the data analysis and the detailed analyses included descriptive analysis, factor analysis, reliability tests, one way ANOVA, multiple regression analysis and t-tests. The results of this study showed that there are differences in the subdivisions of subjective knowledge of apparel according to the consumer's life cycle and there is a difference in the types of information searches according to the consumer's subjective knowledge, and the subdivisions of subjective knowledge of the consumers influence their information search. This study showed that although it affected the internal search, the media search, and the store search, it did not influence the personal search in the decision making process.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.43-54
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• 2019

Purpose: Marine transportation companies must improve service quality to secure competitive advantage and continuous relationships with customers. This study explores the value and necessity of service quality in the industry by empirically identifying the factor that would have the largest effect on the improvement of service quality, also examining whether such improvement may actually influence continuous relationships. Research design, data and methodology: Based on an online survey with those in the Korean marine transportation industry, this study conducted statistical analyses using structural equation modeling. Based on relevant previous studies, the current study constructed a total of 55 survey questions. Finally, 281 questionnaires were collected, but 68 were excluded owing to invalid responses. Results: Information service attribute had the largest effect on service quality, whereas communication did not demonstrate a significant influence. In addition, distribution and information services exerted a positive effect on service satisfaction through service quality, and finally influenced relationship continuity. Conclusions: The results shows that marine logistics service quality strategies which were centered on time or local factors, should be considered in terms of the development of innovative services. In particular the improvement of information service systems and strategies in changed business environment.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1294-1303
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to develop a tool to assess the powerlessness and to measure the powerlessness of elderly. From the result of pre-test, twenty seven items were finally selected to survey the elderly's powerlessness. The questionnaires on the elderly's powerlessness were drafted so that such tool may be evaluated in accordance with the four point Likert Scale. The number of subjects is 1,150 with ages of 60 years or more and who live in a large city, a small and middle-sized city and a rural area. The subjects of the test and retest were 85 elderlies. Collected data were analyzed by utilizing SAS program with Cronbach's $\alpha$ and Pearson's correlation, factor analysis method and known group techniques, descriptive statics, t-test and ANOVA. The results from this study were summarized below:1. When the factor analysis method was applied for validity, the tool for powerlessness of elderly was separated into 5 factors: loss of self-confidence to deal with physical, emotional, social aspects of life; expulsion by others from meaningful human relate; perception that life is meaningless and time passes quickly; falling behind young people; being rejected by other people, having no influence on others. An application of the known group technique showed a significant difference with the result of the degree of elderly's powerlessness tools developed by the two groups, with illness and without. 2. In testing reliability, it was found that coefficient of test-retest was .9435(P<.0001) when the test-retest method was used as a test of stability, and that the alpha coefficient of internal consistency was .9141 over all items within the tool of elderly's powerlessness 3. In powerlessness of elderly, total mean is 2.8493. And in factor of powerlessness, the highest factor is falling behind young people (M=3.1713), the lowest factor is loss of self- confidence to deal with physical, emotional, social aspects of life(M=2.6080). 4. The results from the test for the degree of powerlessness, according to the subject's demographic variables, showed that there were significant differences between age, sex, marital status, educational level, religion, possession of house, job, monthly pocket money, health status, illness and a place of residence.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.2A
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• pp.93-102
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• 2010

The numerical analysis and safety assessment by construction stages were considered the essential examination particular in order to solving the unstability of long-span bridges in the middle a construction. When estimating structural response characteristics by the construction stage analysis of long-span bridges, the influence of the near-field ground motion (NFGM) would be evaluated as a critical factor for the seismic design because it indicates clearly different aspects from the existing input earthquake motion data. Therefore, this study re-examined the response aspect of long-span bridges considering NFGM characteristics based on the response spectrum result, and advanced the presented numerical analysis program by the related research for conducting the construction stage analysis and reliability assessment of long-span bridges efficiently. The excellency of various construction schemes was assessed using the time history analysis result of critical member considering NFGM characteristics. For evaluating quantitative safety level, the reliability analysis was conducted considering the influence of external uncertainties included in random variables, and presented the safety index and failure probability of the critical construction stage by NFGM characteristics. In addition, the reliability result was examined the influence of internal uncertainties using monte carlo simulation (MCS), and assessed the distribution aspect of the essential analysis result. It is expected that this study will provide the basic information for the construction safety improvement when performing seismic design of long-span bridges considering NFGM characteristics.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.73 no.5
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• pp.258-265
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• 2012

Background: Vitamin D can translocate a vitamin D receptor (VDR) from the nucleus to the cell membranes. The meaning of this translocation is not elucidated in terms of a role in pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) till now. VDR deficient mice are prone to develop emphysema, suggesting that abnormal function of VDR might influence a generation of COPD. The blood levels of vitamin D have known to be well correlated with that of lung function in patients with COPD, and smoking is the most important risk factor in development of COPD. This study was performed to investigate whether cigarette smoke extracts (CSE) can inhibit the translocation of VDR and whether mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are involved in this inhibition. Methods: Human alveolar basal epithelial cell line (A549) was used in this study. 1,25-$(OH_2)D_3$ and/or MAPKs inhibitors and antioxidants were pre-incubated before stimulation with 10% CSE, and then nucleus and microsomal proteins were extracted for a Western blot of VDR. Results: Five minutes treatment of 1,25-(OH2)D3 induced translocation of VDR from nucleus to microsomes by a dose-dependent manner. CSE inhibited 1,25-$(OH_2)D_3$-induced translocation of VDR in both concentrations of 10% and 20%. All MAPKs inhibitors did not suppress the inhibitory effects of CSE on the 1,25-$(OH_2)D_3$-induced translocation of VDR. Quercetin suppressed the inhibitory effects of CSE on the 1,25-$(OH_2)D_3$-induced translocation of VDR, but not in n-acetylcysteine. Conclusion: CSE has an ability to inhibit vitamin D-induced VDR translocation, but MAPKs are not involved in this inhibition.