• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.276-280
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• 2000

In order to identify the domains of the G$_{\alpha}$16 subunit G protein that are responsible for its activation by the Interleukin-8 receptor, a serious of chimeras between G$_{\alpha}$16 and G$_{\alpha}$11 were assessed for their abilities to be activated by these receptors. Co-expression of IL-8 receptor and chimeras in which the carboxyl-terminal regions of G$_{\alpha}$11 were replaced from 30 up to 156 amino acid residues with the corresponding regions of G$_{\alpha}$16 demonstrated that C-terminal 156 amino acid residues of the G$_{\alpha}$16 were not sufficient to confer IL-8 receptor interaction specificity. Testing of a reciprocal serious of chimeras composed of G$_{\alpha}$16 sequences at the amino terminus and G$_{\alpha}$11 sequences at the carboxyl terminals revealed that sequences extending from the amino tar- minus to amino acid 209 of G$_{\alpha}$16 were sufficient to 7ndow the chimera with 75-80% of interaction specificity for 7-8-induced activation. These results suggest th,.7t combined interactions of the C-terminal 30 amino acid residues and certain domains extending from the arts.ino terminus to amino acid 209 of Gal 6 protein may be involved in its couplings to IL-8 receptor.tain domains extending from the arts.ino terminus to amino acid 209 of Gal 6 protein may be involved in its couplings to IL-8 receptor.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.615-624
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• 2022

In this study, we assessed anti-oxidant activity, anti-microbial, inhibition of biofilm formation and inflammatory factors(nitric oxide, interleukin-6, interleukin-8) inhibitory effect of Perillae semen hydrothermal extract(PSW) and three kinds of Perillae semen supercritical fluid extract(PSSs) extracted by controlling temperature with no variation of pressure. Compared with PSW, PSSs had significantly lower minimal inhibitory concentrations(MICs) against Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus) and the ability of PSSs to inhibit formation of biofilm was also superior. PSSs reduce the production of inflammatory mediator and inflammatory cytokines significantly compared to PSW. We suggest, therefore, Perillae semen supercritical fluid 45℃ extract which showed the best anti-microbial, inhibition of biofilm formation, and inhibition of inflammatory factors production among the supercritical fluid extracts could be used for protecting patients with atopic dermatitis from pruritus and transepidermal water loss as a functional ingredient from nature.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.60-66
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• 2023

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent degenerative joint diseases and is more common in older and obese individuals. Silkworm male pupae exerts tonic effects by increasing testosterone secretion and the forced swimming time and muscle ratio increased in mice consuming silkworm pupae, which may be beneficial to the older population. Therefore, it will be beneficial to investigate the effects of silkworm pupal extracts (SPE) on OA. To confirm this effect, we prepared SPE in different solvents, and their ability to attenuate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and inflammatory mediators (interleukin-6 [IL-6], interleukin-8 [IL-8] and tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]) were evaluated in an interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced SW1353 human chondrosarcoma cell line. 70% ethanolic SPE outperformed the other solvents, reducing MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression by up to 53% and 13%, respectively. Further experiments were performed using 70% ethanolic SPE from three distinct pupation stages in males and females. SPE treatment alleviated MMP-1 expression (43.9-47.4%) regardless of pupation stage and sex. Among the inflammatory mediators, 70% ethanolic SPE alleviated IL-6 and TNF-α levels, and the concentrations thereof were lowest in the early-stage male SPE-treated group (43.15% and 56.74%, respectively). In conclusion, 70% ethanolic SPE may prevent IL-1β-induced osteoarthritis by inhibiting MMPs and inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, SPE is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of OA.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.267-277
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• 2020

This study was conducted to assess the effect of highly concentrated onion intake on rodents. The experimental animals were divided two groups as follows; water administered group (CON) and Allium cepa administered group (ACE). The ACE group showed a slightly increases in the number of erythrocytes (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (Hct) levels compared to the control group (p<0.05). Hemoglobin, monocyte, lymphocyte and neutrophil had no significant change (p>0.05) in ACE group and control group. The analysis of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) levels showed a significant decrease in ACE group compared to the control group (p<0.05). The blood glucose, total protein, HDL-cholesterol were slightly high in ACE group, while triglyceride, total cholesterol levels were lower in ACE group compared to the control group (p<0.05). The levels of cytokines (interluekin-1α (IL-1α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interferon-γ (INF-γ), interleukin-18 (IL-18), interleukin-2 (IL-2), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)) involved in immunity and inflammation in liver tissue and blood have all been confirmed to be within normal range. These findings could be used as basic data to show that highly concentrated dietary onion extract is not toxic to hematological indicators and immune functions.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.130-135
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• 1997

Purpose : Interleukin-6(IL-6), a multifunctional cytokine, has been found to have growth and differentiation activities on a wide variety of tissues and cells, including mesangial cells. It has been known that IL-6 is an autocrine growth factor for the proliferation of mesangial cells. Several studies have been performed for revealing the clinical significance of IL-6 in mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. Methods : The author measured serum and urinary IL-6 in 30 patients with $Henoch-Sch\"{o}nlein$ purpura (HSP), 18 patients with HSP nephritis, and 10 normal children as a control group. Results : The serum level of IL-6 was increased significantly in the patients with HSP and HSP nephritis compared to normal control. The level of urinary IL-6 was increased significantly in the patients with HSP nephritis compared to both HSP and normal control groups. The level of urinary IL-6 was not correlated with the level of serum. Conclusion : IL-6 was correlated with the amount of proteinuria. These data suggest that IL-6 may be involved in the pathological proliferation of mesangial cell in HSP nephritis.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2010

Here, we evaluated the effect of thrombin on the interleukin-6 production induced by tumor-necrosis-factor-$\alpha$ in endothelial cells. It is well known that tumor-necrosis-factor-$\alpha$ mediates inflammatory responses by activation of nuclear factor-kappa-B in endothelial cells. Here, we showed that lower concentration of thrombin decreased the production of interleukin-6 induced by tumor-necrosis-factor-$\alpha$ and this inhibitory effect of thrombin on interleukin-6 production was mediated by interacting with protease-activated-receptor-1. In addition, phosphoinositide-3-kinase was also involved the anti-inflammatory responses by lower concentration of thrombin in endothelial cells. These results suggested that lower concentration of thrombin mediated anti-inflammatory responses by interacting with protease-activated-receptor-1 on the cell membrane and phosphoinositide-3-kinase in the cell. These findings will provide the important evidence in the development of new medicine for the treatment of severe sepsis and inflammatory diseases and good clue for understanding unknown mechanisms by which thrombin showed the pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory activities in endothelial cells.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.969-976
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• 2006

Novel chalcones were found as potent inhibitors of interleukin-5 (II-5). 1-(6-Benzyloxy-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propenone (2a, 78.8% inhibition at $50\;{\mu}M,\;IC_{50}=25.3\;{\mu}M$) was initially identified as a potent inhibitor of IL-5. This activity is comparable to that of budesonide or sophoricoside (1a). The benzyloxy group appears to be critical for the enhancement of the IL-5 inhibitory activity. To identify the role of this hydrophobic moiety, cyclohexyloxy (2d), cyclohexylmethoxy (2c), cyclohexylethoxy (2e), cyclohexylpropoxy (2f), 2-methylpropoxy (2g), 3-methylbutoxy (2h), 4-methylpentoxy (2i), and 2-ethylbutoxy (2j) analogs were prepared and tested for their effects on IL-5 bioactivity. Compounds 2c ($IC_{50}=12.6\;{\mu}M$), 2d ($IC_{50}=12.2\;{\mu}M$), and 2i ($IC_{50}=12.3\;{\mu}M$) exhibited the most potent activity. Considering the cLog P values of 2, the alkoxy group contributes to the cell permeability of 2 for the enhancement of activity, rather than playing a role in ligand motif binding to the receptor. The optimum alkoxy group in ring A of 2 should be one that provides the cLog P of 2 in the range of 4.22 to 4.67.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.195-201
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• 2009

Recent publications showed that metal nanoparticles which are made from $TiO_2,\;CeO_2,\;Al_2O_3,\;CuCl_2,\;AgNO_3$ and $ZnO_2$ induced oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory effects in cultured cells and the responses seemed to be common toxic pathway of metal nanoparticles to the ultimate toxicity in animals as well as cellular level. In this study, we compared the gene expression induced by two different types of metal oxide nanoparticles, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TNP) and cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CNP) using microarray analysis. About 50 genes including interleukin 6, interleukin 1, platelet-derived growth factor $\beta$, and leukemia inhibitory factor were induced in cultured BEAS2B cells treated with TNP 40 ppm. When we compared the induction levels of genes in TNP-treated cells to those in CNP-treated cells, the induction levels were very correlated in various gene categories (r=0.645). This may suggest a possible common toxic mechanism of metal oxide nanoparticles.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.1491-1497
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• 2007

Arginine deiminase (ADI, E.C. 3.5.3.6), one of the arginine deprivation enzymes, exhibits anticarcinogenic activities. The present study investigated the anti-inflammatory activities of the purified recombinant ADI originating from Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis ATCC7962 (LADI). LADI dose-dependently inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and the production of nitric oxide in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. The induction of cyclooxygenase-2 expression and subsequent production of prostaglandin $E_2$ by LPS was also attenuated by LADI treatment. Moreover, LADI inhibited the production of interleukin-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. These results indicate that LADI exerts anti-inflammatory effects, which may in part explain its chemopreventive potential.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.127-136
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• 2008

Caspase-11 has been known as a dual regulator of cytokine maturation and apoptosis. Although the role of caspase-11 under pathological conditions has been well documented, its physiological role has not been studied much. In the present study, we investigated a possible physiological function of caspase-11 during immune response. In the absence of caspase-11, immunized spleen displayed increased cellularity and abnormal germinal center structure with disrupted microarchitecture. The rate of cell proliferation and apoptosis in the immunized spleen was not changed in the caspase-11-deficient mice. Furthermore, the caspase-11-deficient peritoneal macrophages showed normal phagocytotic activity. However, caspase-11-/-splenocytes and macrophages showed defective migrating capacity. The dysregulation of cell migration did not seem to be mediated by caspase-3, interleukin-$1{\alpha}$ or interleukin-$1{\beta}$ which acts downstream of caspase-11. These results suggest that a direct regulation of immune cell migration by caspase-11 is critical for the formation of germinal center microarchitecture during immune response. However, humoral immunity in the caspase-11-deficient mice was normal, suggesting the formation of germinal center structure is not essential for the affinity maturation of the antibodies.