• 제목/요약/키워드: interfacial analysis

검색결과 634건 처리시간 0.031초

수소 플라즈마 처리를 이용한 구리-구리 저온 본딩 (H2 Plasma Pre-treatment for Low Temperature Cu-Cu Bonding)

  • 최동훈;한승은;추혁진;김인주;김성동
    • 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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    • 제28권4호
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    • pp.109-114
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    • 2021
  • 상압 수소 플라즈마 전처리가 구리-구리 직접 본딩에 미치는 영향에 대해서 조사하였다. 상압 수소 플라즈마 처리를 통해 구리 박막의 표면 산화층을 환원시킬 수 있었음을 GIXRD 분석을 통해 확인하였다. 플라즈마 파워가 크고 플라즈마 처리 시간이 길수록 환원력 및 표면 거칠기 관점에서 효과적이었다. DCB를 이용한 계면 결합 에너지 측정에서 상압 수소 플라즈마 전처리 후 300℃에서 본딩한 경우 양호한 계면 결합 에너지를 나타내었으나, 본딩 온도가 낮아질수록 계면 결합 에너지가 낮아져 200℃에서는 본딩이 이루어지지 않았다. 습식 전처리의 경우 250℃ 이상에서 본딩한 경우 강한 결합력을 보였으며, 200℃에서는 낮은 계면 결합 에너지를 나타내었다.

프라임, 테스트 등급 실리콘 웨이퍼의 표면 결함 특성 (Surface Defect Properties of Prime, Test-Grade Silicon Wafers)

  • 오승환;임현민;이동희;서동혁;김원진;김륜나;김우병
    • 한국재료학회지
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    • 제32권9호
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    • pp.396-402
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    • 2022
  • In this study, surface roughness and interfacial defect characteristics were analyzed after forming a high-k oxide film on the surface of a prime wafer and a test wafer, to study the possibility of improving the quality of the test wafer. As a result of checking the roughness, the deviation in the test after raising the oxide film was 0.1 nm, which was twice as large as that of the Prime. As a result of current-voltage analysis, Prime after PMA was 1.07 × 10 A/cm2 and Test was 5.61 × 10 A/cm2, which was about 5 times lower than Prime. As a result of analyzing the defects inside the oxide film using the capacitance-voltage characteristic, before PMA Prime showed a higher electrical defect of 0.85 × 1012 cm-2 in slow state density and 0.41 × 1013 cm-2 in fixed oxide charge. However, after PMA, it was confirmed that Prime had a lower defect of 4.79 × 1011 cm-2 in slow state density and 1.33 × 1012 cm-2 in fixed oxide charge. The above results confirm the difference in surface roughness and defects between the Test and Prime wafer.

Degradation of All-Solid-State Lithium-Sulfur Batteries with PEO-Based Composite Electrolyte

  • Lee, Jongkwan;Heo, Kookjin;Song, Young-Woong;Hwang, Dahee;Kim, Min-Young;Jeong, Hyejeong;Shin, Dong-Chan;Lim, Jinsub
    • Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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    • 제13권2호
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    • pp.199-207
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    • 2022
  • Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) have emerged as a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to their high energy density and economic viability. In addition, all-solid-state LSBs, which use solid-state electrolytes, have been proposed to overcome the polysulfide shuttle effect while improving safety. However, the high interfacial resistance and poor ionic conductivity exhibited by the electrode and solid-state electrolytes, respectively, are significant challenges in the development of these LSBs. Herein, we apply a poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based composite solid-state electrolyte with oxide Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) solid-state electrolyte in an all-solid-state LSB to overcome these challenges. We use an electrochemical method to evaluate the degradation of the all-solid-state LSB in accordance with the carbon content and loading weight within the cathode. The all-solid-state LSB, with sulfur-carbon content in a ratio of 3:3, exhibited a high initial discharge capacity (1386 mAh g-1), poor C-rate performance, and capacity retention of less than 50%. The all-solid-state LSB with a high loading weight exhibited a poor overall electrochemical performance. The factors influencing the electrochemical performance degradation were revealed through systematic analysis.

음향방출법을 이용한 치아/복합레진 수복재의 계면부 파괴해석 (Interfacial fracture analysis of human tooth/composite resin restoration using acoustic emission)

  • 구자욱;최낙삼
    • Composites Research
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    • 제22권6호
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    • pp.45-51
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    • 2009
  • 치아의 와동에 수복된 치과용 복합레진을 광(LED) 조사를 통해 경화 수축시키면서 음향방출(acoustic emission, AE)법을 이용하여 와동 벽면과 복합레진 사이의 계면상태를 실시간 해석하였다. 복합레진의 중합 수축에 의해 AE 신호들이 검출되었는데 계면 접착 상태가 나쁜 경우, 경화 수축률이 큰 초기 1분 동안 많은 AE 사상들이 관측되었으며, 이들 AE는 주파수범위가 주로 100-200kHz인 돌발형이었다. 인간치아 재질의 시편에서 발생된 AE 사상수는 스테인리스 스틸 시편보다 적었으나, PMMA 시편보다는 많았고 접착제의 도포 상태가 양호할수록 검출되는 AE 사상수는 적었다. AE 파라미터의 특성은 복합레진과 링재 사이의 접착부에서 발생하는 인장형 균열전파 및 복합레진의 수축에 따른 링재의 압축거동과 관련되었으며, 음향방출법이 치아 수복물의 접착성에 대한 비파괴 검사법으로써 유효함을 알았다.

복합재료-탄소강 접착제 결합 조인트의 하중지지 능력 예측을 위한 이종 재료 접합 계면의 파괴 역학적 분석 (Fracture Mechanical Characterization of Bi-material Interface for the Prediction of Load Bearing Capacity of Composite-Steel Bonded Joints)

  • 김원석;신금철;이정주
    • Composites Research
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    • 제19권4호
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    • pp.15-22
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    • 2006
  • 구조물 설계에 복합재료-금속 접착제 결합 조인트의 개발 및 사용을 제한하는 가장 큰 요인은 접착 조인트의 하중지지 능력 예측을 위한 접착 계면의 강도 평가 방법의 부재이다. 본 연구에서는 복합재료-탄소강의 접착 강도를 계면 모서리에서의 응력강도계수와 파괴 인성 값으로 평가하였다. 구체적으로 동시 경화 성형법으로 제작된 복합재료-탄소강 양면 겹치기 접착조인트의 하중지지 능력을 파괴 역학적 분석 방법을 통하여 결정하였다. 이종재료 계면 모서리 첨단의 응력 특이성과 그 지수를 제시하고 최종적으로 응력강도계수와 실험을 통한 계면의 파괴인성 값을 획득하였다. 서로 다른 접합 길이를 갖는 조인트의 하중지지 능력 비교를 통하여 양면 겹치기 접착 조인트의 파괴 인성치와 혼합 모드에서의 균열 진전 기준을 $K_1-K_{11}$ 평면 내에 도시하였다.

Mitigating Metal-dissolution in a High-voltage 15 wt% Si-Graphite‖Li-rich Layered Oxide Full-Cell Utilizing Fluorinated Dual-Additives

  • Kim, Jaeram;Kwak, Sehyun;Pham, Hieu Quang;Jo, Hyuntak;Jeon, Do-Man;Yang, A-Reum;Song, Seung-Wan
    • Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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    • 제13권2호
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    • pp.269-278
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    • 2022
  • Utilization of high-voltage electrolyte additive(s) at a small fraction is a cost-effective strategy for a good solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation and performance improvement of a lithium-rich layered oxide-based high-energy lithium-ion cell by avoiding the occurrence of metal-dissolution that is one of the failure modes. To mitigate metal-dissolution, we explored fluorinated dual-additives of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and di(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)carbonate (DFDEC) for building-up of a good SEI in a 4.7 V full-cell that consists of high-capacity silicon-graphite composite (15 wt% Si/C/CF/C-graphite) anode and Li1.13Mn0.463Ni0.203Co0.203O2 (LMNC) cathode. The full-cell including optimum fractions of dual-additives shows increased capacity to 228 mAhg-1 at 0.2C and improved performance from the one in the base electrolyte. Surface analysis results find that the SEI stabilization of LMNC cathode induced by dual-additives leads to a suppression of soluble Mn2+-O formation at cathode surface, mitigating metal-dissolution event and crack formation as well as structural degradation. The SEI and structure of Si/C/CF/C-graphite anode is also stabilized by the effects of dual-additives, contributing to performance improvement. The data give insight into a basic understanding of cathode-electrolyte and anode-electrolyte interfacial processes and cathode-anode interaction that are critical factors affecting full-cell performance.

Correlation between different methodologies used to evaluate the marginal adaptation of proximal dentin gingival margins elevated using a glass hybrid

  • Hoda S. Ismail;Brian R. Morrow;Ashraf I. Ali;Rabab El. Mehesen;Franklin Garcia-Godoy;Salah H. Mahmoud
    • Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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    • 제47권4호
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    • pp.36.1-36.17
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    • 2022
  • Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aging on the marginal quality of glass hybrid (GH) material used to elevate dentin gingival margins, and to analyze the consistency of the results obtained by 3 in vitro methods. Materials and Methods: Ten teeth received compound class II cavities with subgingival margins. The dentin gingival margins were elevated with GH, followed by resin composite. The GH/gingival dentin interfaces were examined through digital microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using resin replicas, and according to the World Dental Federation (FDI) criteria. After initial evaluations, all teeth were subjected to 10,000 thermal cycles, followed by repeating the same marginal evaluations and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis for the interfacial zone of 2 specimens. Marginal quality was expressed as the percentage of continuous margin at ×200 for microscopic techniques and as the frequency of each score for FDI ranking. Data were analyzed using the paired sample t-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and Pearson and Spearmen correlation coefficients. Results: None of the testing techniques proved the significance of the aging factor. Moderate and strong significant correlations were found between the testing techniques. The EDS results suggested the presence of an ion-exchange layer along the GH/gingival dentin interface of aged specimens. Conclusions: The marginal quality of the GH/dentin gingival interface defied aging by thermocycling. The replica SEM and FDI ranking results had stronger correlations with each other than either showed with the digital microscopy results.

Structural and Biochemical Analysis of 3-Dehydroquinate Dehydratase from Corynebacterium glutamicum

  • Chan Hwi Lee;Sangwoo Kim;Hogyun Seo;Kyung-Jin Kim
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • 제33권12호
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    • pp.1595-1605
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    • 2023
  • Dehydroquinate dehydratase (DHQD) catalyzes the conversion of 3-dehydroquinic acid (DHQ) into 3-dehydroshikimic acid in the mid stage of the shikimate pathway, which is essential for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids and folates. Here, we report two the crystal structures of type II DHQD (CgDHQD) derived from Corynebacterium glutamicum, which is a widely used industrial platform organism. We determined the structures for CgDHQDWT with the citrate at a resolution of 1.80Å and CgDHQDR19A with DHQ complexed forms at a resolution of 2.00 Å, respectively. The enzyme forms a homododecamer consisting of four trimers with three interfacial active sites. We identified the DHQ-binding site of CgDHQD and observed an unusual binding mode of citrate inhibitor in the site with a half-opened lid loop. A structural comparison of CgDHQD with a homolog derived from Streptomyces coelicolor revealed differences in the terminal regions, lid loop, and active site. Particularly, CgDHQD, including some Corynebacterium species, possesses a distinctive residue P105, which is not conserved in other DHQDs at the position near the 5-hydroxyl group of DHQ. Replacements of P105 with isoleucine and valine, conserved in other DHQDs, caused an approximately 70% decrease in the activity, but replacement of S103 with threonine (CgDHQDS103T) caused a 10% increase in the activity. Our biochemical studies revealed the importance of key residues and enzyme kinetics for wild type and CgDHQDS103T, explaining the effect of the variation. This structural and biochemical study provides valuable information for understanding the reaction efficiency that varies due to structural differences caused by the unique sequences of CgDHQD.

Research of Diffusion Bonding of Tungsten/Copper and Their Properties under High Heat Flux

  • Li, Jun;Yang, Jianfeng
    • 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국재료학회 2011년도 춘계학술발표대회
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    • pp.14-14
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    • 2011
  • W (tungsten)-alloys will be the most promising plasma facing armor materials in highly loaded plasma interactive components of the next step fusion reactors due to its high melting point, high sputtering resistance and low deuterium/tritium retention. The bonding technology of tungsten to Cu alloy was one of the key issues. In this paper, W/CuCrZr diffusion bonding has been performed successfully by inserting pure metal interlay. The joint microstructure, interfacial elements migration and phase composition were analyzed by SEM, EDS, XRD, and the joint shear strength and micro-hardness were investigated. The mock-ups were fabricated successfully with diffusion bonding and the cladding technology respectively, and the high heat flux test and thermal fatigue test were carried out under actively cooling condition. When Ni foil was used for the bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, two reaction layers, Ni4W and Ni(W) layer, appeared between the tungsten and Ni interlayer with the optimized condition. Even though Ni4W is hard and brittle, and the strength of the joint was oppositely increased (217 MPa) due primarily to extremely small thicknesses (2~3 ${\mu}m$). When Ti foil was selected as the interlayer, the Ti foil diffused quickly with Cu and was transformed into liquid phase at $1,000^{\circ}C$. Almost all of the liquid was extruded out of the interface zone under bonding pressure, and an extremely thin residual layer (1~2 ${\mu}m$) of the liquid phase was retained between the tungsten and CuCrZr, which shear strength exceeded 160 MPa. When Ni/Ti/Ni multiple interlayers were used for bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, a large number of intermetallic compound ($Ni_4W/NiTi_2/NiTi/Ni_3T$) were formed for the interdiffusion among W, Ni and Ti. Therefore, the shear strength of the joint was low and just about 85 MPa. The residual stresses in the clad samples with flat, arc, rectangle and trapezoid interface were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The simulation results show that the flat clad sample was subjected maximum residual stress at the edge of the interface, which could be cracked at the edge and propagated along the interface. As for the rectangle and trapezoid interface, the residual stresses of the interface were lower than that of the flat interface, and the interface of the arc clad sample have lowest residual stress and all of the residual stress with arc interface were divided into different grooved zones, so the probabilities of cracking and propagation were lower than other interfaces. The residual stresses of the mock-ups under high heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The tungsten of the flat interfaces was subjected to tensile stresses (positive $S_x$), and the CuCrZr was subjected to compressive stresses (negative $S_x$). If the interface have a little microcrack, the tungsten of joint was more liable to propagate than the CuCrZr due to the brittle of the tungsten. However, when the flat interface was substituted by arc interfaces, the periodical residual stresses in the joining region were either released or formed a stress field prohibiting the growth or nucleation of the interfacial cracks. Thermal fatigue tests were performed on the mock-ups of flat and arc interface under the heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ with the cooling water velocity of 10 m/s. After thermal cycle experiments, a large number of microcracks appeared at the tungsten substrate due to large radial tensile stress on the flat mock-up. The defects would largely affect the heat transfer capability and the structure reliability of the mock-up. As for the arc mock-up, even though some microcracks were found at the interface of the regions, all microcracks with arc interface were divided into different arc-grooved zones, so the propagation of microcracks is difficult.

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표면개질을 이용하여 붕소 제거율이 향상된 역삼투막의 제조 (Fabrication of Reverse Osmosis Membrane with Enhanced Boron Rejection Using Surface Modification)

  • 이덕로;김종학;권세이;이혜진;김인철
    • 멤브레인
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    • 제28권2호
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    • pp.96-104
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    • 2018
  • 해수담수화의 빠른 증가와 함께 붕소 제거에 대한 중요성이 상승하고 있다. 본 연구는 표면개질 시 친수성 화합물을 이용하여 수투과량을 최대한 막고 붕소 제거율을 높이기 위한 연구를 진행하였다. 첫째로, Control polyamide 역삼투막을 얻기 위해 M-phenylenediamine (MPD)와 trimesoyl chloride (TMC)를 Polysulfone 한외여과막에 계면중합을 시켜 polyamide 활성층을 제조하였다. 다음으로, Control polyamide 역삼투막에 표면개질을 진행시켜 D-gluconic acid (DGCA)와 D-gluconic acid sodium salt (DGCA-Na)를 glutaraldehyde (GA)와 hydrochloric acid (HCl)을 이용하여 합성시켰다. 합성된 역삼투막의 표면 분석을 위해 XPS 분석을 진행하였으며, DGCA 및 DGCA-Na 화합물과의 반응이 되었음을 확인하였다. 또한, morphology 측정을 위해 FE-SEM과 AFM 분석을 진행하였으며, polyamide 활성층 형성 및 표면 거칠기를 확인할 수 있었다. 수투과량의 경우, 표면개질을 진행한 역삼투막은 10 GFD 수준이거나 그 이하의 값을 가졌다. 하지만, DGCA 및 DGCA-Na 화합물과 표면개질을 진행한 역삼투막의 붕소 제거율은 94.38, 94.64%로, Control polyamide 역삼투막보다 각각 12.03, 12.29 %p만큼 큰 값을 가지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.