• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.65-78
• /
• 1994

This study deals with the consciousness and visual preference and image about the fence that is an important factor and a vertical element in the streetscape. The analysis was performed by the data obtained from the questionnaires and the photos for the fence scene. 1. The answerers considering the fence had great influence on the beauty of a city were over 80%, also the fence influence good effect on a city was higher than 63%. 2. The answerers prefering the fence materials mixed with inanimate materials and plants was higher than 50%. Also the design offence was regarded to be the most important element when established. 3. While the satisfying factors for the visual preference were peculiarity, abundance and harmony, the dissatisfying factors were commonplaceness, disharmony and isolation(closing). Also the preference factors were the design and material in several elements of the fence. 4. At the part of function, the preferable places were estimated highly as boundary mark, eye interception but in the visual effect were so low. 5. Psychological factor, related to the satisfaction of the fence, had a grip of three factors, evaluation, formation, potentiality, and the presumption formula was: Satisfaction=1.61(Evaluation)+0.30(Formation)+0.55(Potentiality)+6.23(R2=0. 63)

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
• /
• 2008.06a
• /
• pp.1134-1138
• /
• 2008

Electret filter media are used in general ventilation filters, disposable respirators, vehicle cabin filters, vacuum cleaners and room air cleaners. There are basic mechanisms of interception, inertial impaction, diffusion, gravitational settling, electrostatic attraction by which an aerosol particle can be deposited onto a fiber in a filter. The ability of fine particle removal strongly depends on the electrostatic forces between particles and polarized fibers. Thus, the stability of the fiber polarization is a major factor in the reliability of electret filters. In this study, electrical properties and filtration performance of electrospun filter media are quantitatively investigated. Electrical properties of electrospun filters have been studied on surface charge potential and surface charge density. Also the filtration performance of the electret filters are evaluated on collection efficiency. Electrospun filters show same collection efficiency with low pressure drop compare to commercialized HEPA filters. Surface charge potential and surface charge density of electrospun filters are increased with increasing applied voltage. Also collection efficiency of electrospun filters is increased with increasing surface charge potential and surface charge density.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
• /
• 2006.11b
• /
• pp.1385-1390
• /
• 2006

Concrete structure can be deteriorated by ingress of moisture and aggressive agents. To maintain the sound performance of concrete structure during the service life, it needs to protect concrete from ingress of moisture and aggressive agents before arising deterioration of concrete. Protection of concrete is possible by surface treatment. In this study, durability of the functional nano composite inorganic activated carbon based coatings which can provide a barrier against the ingress of moisture or aggressive ions to concrete is discussed. For the durability evaluation of the coatings, fine void structure evaluation test, chloride penetration acceleration test, accelerated carbonation test, freezing and thawing test, and the accelerated test of chemical erosion are conducted. As the result of this study, the functional nano composite inorganic activated carbon based coatings which became one formed complex compound with adsorption and porosity on concrete surface, had an effect on the function of far infrared radiation, antimicrobial action, air cleaning, airing assurance, and the interception of moisture of deterioration factor, chloride ion, carbon dioxide, sulfate, and so on.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.141-163
• /
• 2004

The limits in the use of force against a civil aircraft which intrudes into sovereign airspace have not been defined in the aspect of international law. Therefore, this paper intends to analyze international laws and practices about sovereign airspace intrusions by the civil aircraft, and to examine the legality in the use of force against the civil aircraft hijacked by means of political terrorism, in particular. In this paper, the sphere of study is restricted within the problems of interception against the civil aircraft which intrudes into sovereign airspace in times of peace, excluding the problems against a state aircraft, and the responsibilities for the civil or criminal affairs due to interceptions. Herein this paper analyzes the existing international laws and the cases of each nation's use of force against the civil aircraft which intrudes into sovereign airspace, and organizes the conditions in the use of force which have been accepted in international laws and practices, and then applies them to the special case of civil aircraft hijacked by political terrorism. Consequently, this paper suggests that the basic principles of necessity, ultimateness, and proportionality be taken into consideration in the use of force against civil aircraft which intrudes into sovereign airspace. This study finally suggests that the possibility in the use of force against civil aircraft hijacked by political terrorism might be higher than any type of civil aircraft intrusions into sovereign airspace due to the factor of necessity of national security concerned.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.21-30
• /
• 2000

For analyzing the direct contamination pathway of radionudides in rice plants, a Solution containing $^{54}Mn,\;^{57}Co,\;^{85}Sr,\;^{103}Ru$ and $^{134}Cs$ was applied to the aboveground Parts of the between RI application and harvest. Its highest observed value was 0.94. The fractions of the initial plant deposition that remained in rice plants at harvest were in the range of $19{\sim}47%,\;17{\sim}43%,\;19{\sim}42%,\;23{\sim}61%$ and $11{\sim}69%$ for $^{54}Mn,\;^{57}Co,\;^{85}Sr,\;^{103}Ru$ and $^{134}Cs$, respectively, when no decay was assumed. The translocation factors of those radionuclides in hulled seeds were in the range of $6.9{\times}10^{-4}3.8{\times}10^{-2},\;3.6{\times}10^{-3}{\sim}1.6{\times}10^{-1},\;5.8{\times}10^{-4}{\sim}3.2{\sim}10^{-2},\;1.6{\times}10^{-4}{\sim}7.6{\times}10^{-3}$ and $3.2{\times}10^{-2}{\sim}2.0{\times}10^{-1}$, respertively, and were highest when they were applied at the stage of active seed development. It was indicated that the remaining percentage and translocation factor would not be greatly affected by the difference in the rain frequency if it is within a factor of 2. These results can be utilzed for predicting the radionuclide concentrations in rice seeds when an accidental deposition of those radionuclides occurs during the rice-growing season.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
• /
• v.20 no.12
• /
• pp.820-824
• /
• 2008

Electret filter media are used in general ventilation filters, disposable respirators, vehicle cabin filters, vacuum cleaners and room air cleaners. There are basic mechanisms of interception, inertial impaction, diffusion, gravitational settling, electrostatic attraction by which an aerosol particle can be deposited onto a fiber in a filter. The ability of fine particle removal strongly depends on the electrostatic forces between particles and polarized fibers. Thus, the stability of the fiber polarization is a major factor in the reliability of electret filters. In this study, the electret filter is made by electrospinning process using Polystyrene which is dissolved by 5 : 5 of Tetrahydrofuran (THF) and Dimethylformamide (DMF). Also the electrical properties and the filtration performances of electrospun filter media are Quantitatively investigated. Electrical properties of electrospun filters have been studied on surface charge potential and surface charge density. Also the filtration performance of the electret filters are evaluated on collection efficiency. The surface charge potential and the surface charge density of electrospun PS filters are increased with increasing applied voltage and saturated at 30 kV of applied voltage. Also collection efficiency of electro spun filters is increased with increasing surface charge potential and surface charge density. But the surface charge potential is decreased by natural decay and it causes deterioration of particle collection efficiency.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.61-64
• /
• 2015

The brightness of Io's magnetic footprint, an indicator of electromagnetic interaction at the satellite, appears to be strongly connected to the satellite's distance from the plasma equator. As a result, the brightest footprints were detected when Io is near the interception location between the satellite's orbital plane and the plasma equator. However, volcanic activities on Io show strong correlation with the equatorward shift of Jupiter's main auroral oval, consequently causing the disappearance of Io's footprint. The same conclusion was suggested via the observation of Jupiter's hectometric radio emission, called HOM, which closely corresponds to Jupiter's auroral activity. The plasma environment near the Jovian satellites was found to vary significantly at different observational epochs. The electron density increased by approximately a factor of three from the Voyager epoch (1979) to the Galileo epoch (1995), while the electron density was found to be significantly higher (~ 5 times) in the Cassini epoch (2001). In this current study, the magnetic footprints were clearly brighter ten years ago (from peak brightness in 1998-2001) than the footprints detected in 2007. For volcanic activities on Io in 2007, there are two clear activities in February and late May. The magnetic footprint appeared to be dimmer in March 2007, expected to be the result of volcano activities in Feb 2007. However, the magnetic footprint brightness in June appeared to be slightly brighter than the footprints observed in May. The reason could be the time delay between the brightening of the sodium nebula on approximately May 31st and, a while later, the enhancement of flux tube content peaking on approximately June 5th. On the other hand, Io's magnetic footprints were observed during June 1st - 10th when they may not yet have been affected by the increase in mass outflow due to the increase of plasma density.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.129-138
• /
• 2008

In case of judging the stability of dike or dam structures which need hydraulic interception, the first thing to do is to examine whether a piping phenomenon occurred or not. Generally, dike or dam structures are constructed while layer compacting is executed, so permeability is likely to be anisotropic- different from each other in hydraulic conductivity in the horizontal direction [$k_x$] and hydraulic conductivity in the vertical direction[$k_y$]. This study looked into exit hydraulic gradient and Seepage velocity by conducting an Seepage analysis subsequent to various hydraulic conductivity ratios[k-ratio = ky / kx] and examined the influence on piping by comparing & examining critical Seepage Velocity based on critical hydraulic gradient in theoretical equation and critical Seepage Velocity in empirical equation. As the research result, it was found that hydraulic conductivity ratio operates as a very important factor in case the stability against piping occurrence is considered with the concept of critical hydraulic gradient, but relatively the hydraulic conductivity ratio is very low in its importance in relation to the concept of critical Seepage Velocity.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.60 no.2
• /
• pp.1.1-1.6
• /
• 2018

Background: Maize fodder is being used as staple feed for livestock but it lacks protein and essential amino acids; lysine and tryptophan. Intercropping maize with leguminous soybean crop is promising technique under limited land resources of South Korea but it can only give considerable advantages when adequate distance is provided between corn and soybean rows. Main aim of present study was to find-out adequate distance between corn and soybean seeding rows for optimum growth, yield and nutritive value of intercropped forage. Methods: Different interrow distances between corn and soybean were evaluated under four treatments, viz. 1) Corn sole as positive control treatment 2) Zero cm between corn and soybean (control); 2) Five cm between corn and soybean; 3) 10 cm between corn and soybean, with three replicates under randomized block design. Results: Findings depicted that height and number of corn stalks and ears were similar (P > 0.05) among different treatments. Numerically average corn ear height was decreased at zero cm distance. Dry matter percentage in all components; corn stalk, corn ear and soybean was also found not different (P > 0.05) but dry matter yield in component of corn ear was lower (P < 0.05) at zero cm distance as compared to that of 5 and 10 cm interrow distances. In case of nutritive value, total digestible nutrient yield in intercropped corn was also found lower (P < 0.05) at zero cm distance than that of 5 and 10 cm interrow distances between corn and soybean seeding rows. Substantial decrease in dry matter yield of maize ear at zero cm distance might be attributed to factor of closed interrow spacing which made interplant competition more intensified for light interception, necessary for photosynthetic activity. Lower dry matter yield in ear also reduced total digestible nutrients in intercropped maize because it was determining factor in calculation of digestible nutrients. The optimum yield and nutritive value of forage at wider interrow distance i.e. 5 cm between corn and soybean might be due to adequate interseed distance. Conclusion: Conclusively, pattern of corn and soybean seeding in rows at 5 cm distance was found suitable which provided adequate interrow distance to maintain enough mutual cooperation and decreased competition between both species for optimum production performance and nutritive value of intercropped forage.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.49 no.2
• /
• pp.159-167
• /
• 2023

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is commonly used in sunscreen formulations to protect the skin surface and prevent the penetration of harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays by the physical scattering action of light. However, a disadvantage of using TiO₂ is that it can cause white turbidity when used on skin due to its inactive mineral ingredient. In addition, when TiO₂ particles are reduced to nanosize to eliminate opacity, they can increase the transmittance of visible light and reduce whitening, but may lead to serious skin problems, such as allergic inflammation. To overcome these issues, the bandgap of TiO₂ was controlled by adjusting the amount of oxygen defect and nitrogen amount, resulting in color TiO₂ tailored to the skin. This innovative technology can reduce the whitening phenomenon and effectively block blue light, which is known to cause skin aging by inducing active oxygen. The bandgap controlled TiO₂ compounds proposed in this study are hypoallergenic, broad-spectrum, and environmentally friendly. Furthermore, these compounds have been shown to significantly enhance sun protection factor (SPF) of sunscreens, demonstrating their compatibility with blue light blocking products.