• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.700-710
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• 2003

For the experiment of the effects between cadmium aerosol inhalation toxicity and ethyl acetate extracts of Folium Mori, 4 inhalation exposure groups of rat were exposed to cadmium aerosol in air by whole-body inhalation exposure for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week, and 4 weeks. Cadmium concentration in the air was 0.96㎎/㎥ and mass median diameter (MMD) was 2.48㎛ with 1.85 of geometric standard deviation(GSD). Intraperitoneal injections of ethyl acetate extracts of Folium Mori to inhalation exposure groups were performed for 4 weeks and the results were as follows: The highest body weight gain for 4 weeks and food intake per day were 159.29/4 weeks in treated group III and 18.45g/day in treated group I, respectively. The highest lung and liver weights were 1.31 g in treated group I and 9.42g in treated group III, respectively. The highest kidney weight was 2.21g from treated group I. The lowest cadmium content in lung was 86.39㎍/g from treated group III and the lowest cadmium concentration in blood was 2.72㎍/㎗ from treated group II. Cadmium concentrations of 22.09㎍/g in liver and 24.82㎍/g in kidney were the lowest from inhalation exposure group I and III, respectively. For weekly cadmium concentration in urine, the value of the fourth week from treated group III was the highest, 1.35㎍/㎖. For weekly cadmium concentration in feces, the values of the second and fourth week from treated group I were the highest, 1.11㎍/g. The highest metallothionein concentration in lung was 31.85㎍/g from treated group III and the highest metallothionein concentration in liver was 205.77㎍/g from treated group III. The highest metallothionein concentration in kidney was 206.55㎍/g from treated group III. The highest Hct and Hb values were 38.26% and 11.63g/㎗ from treated group III, respectively. The highest RBC and WBC values were 7.68×106/㎣ and 9.85×10³/㎣ from treated group I, respectively.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.497-507
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• 2011

This research studied human health risk assessment of benzene from industrial complexes of Chungcheong Province (Seosan industrial complex) and Jeonla Province (Iksan industrial complex and Yeosoo industrial complex). The residents near the industrial complexes areas can be often exposed to volatile organic compounds (e.g., benzene, toluene, xylenes) through a number of exposure pathways, including inhalation of the organic pollutant via various environmental matrices (air, water and soil), contaminated water, and soil intake. Benzene is well known to be a common carcinogenic and toxic compound that is produced from industrial and oil refinery complexes. In this study, a number of samples from water, air, and soil were taken from the residential settings and public school zones located near the industrial complex sites. Based on the carcinogenic risk assessment, the risk estimates were slightly above $10{\times}10^{-6}$ at all three industrial sites. According to deterministic risk assessment, inhalation was the most important route. The distribution of benzene in the environment would be dependent on vapor pressure, and the physical property influencing the extent of the potential risks. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment of benzene shows that the values of Hazard Index(HI) were much lower than 1.0 at all industrial complexes. Therefore, benzene was not a cause of concern in terms of non-carcinogenic risk posed to the residents near the sites. When compared to probabilistic risk assessment, the CTE(central tendency exposure) cancer risk values of deterministic risk assessment were close to the mean values predicted by the probabilistic risk assessment. The RME(reasonable maximum exposure) values fell within the range of 95% to 99.9% estimated by the probabilistic risk assessment. Since the values of carcinogenic risk assessment were higher than $10{\times}10^{-6}$, further detailed monitoring and refined risk assessment for benzene may be warranted to estimate more reliable and potential inhalation risks to receptors near the industrial complexes.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.118-126
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• 2019

Background: Government conducts environmental radioactivity surveillance for verification purpose around nuclear facilities based on the Nuclear Safety Law and issues a surveillance report every year. This study aims to evaluate the short and the long-term fluctuation of radionuclides detected above MDC and their origins using concentration ratios between these radionuclides. Materials and Methods: Sample media for verification surveillance are air, rainwater, groundwater, soil, and milk for terrestrial samples, and seawater, marine sediment, fish, and seaweed for marine samples. Gamma-emitting radionuclides including $^{137}Cs$, $^{90}Sr$, Pu, $^3H$, and $^{14}C$ are evaluated in these samples. Results and Discussion: According to the result of the environmental radioactivity verification surveillance in the vicinity of nuclear power facilities in 2017, the anthropogenic radionuclides were not detected in most of the environmental samples except for the detection of a trace level of $^{137}Cs$, $^{90}Sr$, Pu, and $^{131}I$ in some samples. Radioactivity concentration ratios between the anthropogenic radionuclides ($^{137}Cs/^{90}Sr$, $^{137}Cs/^{239+240}Pu$, $^{90}Sr/^{239+240}Pu$) were similar to those reported in the environmental samples, which were affected by the global fallout of the past nuclear weapon test, and Pu atomic ratios ($^{240}Pu/^{239}Pu$) in the terrestrial sample and marine sample showed significant differences due to the different input pathway and the Pu source. Radioactive iodine ($^{131}I$) was detected at the range of < $5.6-190mBq{\cdot}kg-fresh^{-1}$ in the gulfweed and sea trumpet collected from the area of Kori and Wolsong intake and discharge. A high level of $^3H$ was observed in the air (Sangbong: $0.688{\pm}0.841Bq{\cdot}m^{-3}$) and the precipitation (Meteorology Post: $199{\pm}126Bq{\cdot}L^{-1}$) samples of the Wolsong nuclear power plant (NPP). $^3H$ concentration in the precipitation and pine needle samples showed typical variation pattern with the distance and the wind direction from the stack due to the gaseous release of $^3H$ in Wolsong NPP. Conclusion: Except for the detection of a trace level of $^{137}Cs$, $^{90}Sr$, Pu, and $^{131}I$ in some samples, anthropogenic radionuclides were below MDC in most of the environmental samples. Overall, no unusual radionuclides and abnormal concentration were detected in the 2017's surveillance result for verification. This research will be available in the assessment of environment around nuclear facilities in the event of radioactive material release.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.24-29
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• 2022

This paper is a purpose to Analyze and study the failure examples for a engine oil leakage of camshaft bearing seal, poor contact by computer connector fin damage and vaporizer inferiority on LPG automotive. The first example, when the researcher disassembled the cylinder head of engine to establish the cause for oil leakage, he confirmed the engine oil leakage by damaged between the engine intake camshaft bearing and seal part. The second example, the connector fin of power source line that control the starting of a car supplied with engine computer. As a result, it found the fact that the engine operation stopped because of cutting of the power source by connector fin damage. The third example, it verified the engine incongruity phe cutting of the power source by connector fin damage. The third example, it verified the engine incongruity phenomenon as thd gas didn't flow the vaporizer by foreign substance deposit. Finally, it supplied a small quantity gas from vaporizer to mix. As the computer controlling mix opening condition supplied a air as opening signal, the air and fuel became rarefied state. it knew that the engine didn't produce prpper power. Therefore, a car have to throughtly inspect not in order to arise the failure symptoms.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.1-10
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• 2020

Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion is one of dual-fuel combustion systems which can be constructed by early diesel injection during the compression stroke to improve premixing between diesel and air. As a result, RCCI combustion promises low nitrogen oxides (NOx) and smoke emissions comparing to those of general dual-fuel combustion. For this combustion system, to meet the intensified emission regulations without emission after-treatment systems, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is necessary to reduce combustion temperature with lean premixed mixture condition. However, since EGR is supplied from the front of turbocharger system, intake pressure and the amount of fresh air supplementation are decreased as increasing EGR rate. For this reason, the effect of various EGR rates on the brake power and thermal efficiency of natural gas/diesel RCCI combustion under two different operating conditions in a 6 L compression ignition engine. Varying EGR rate would influence on the combustion characteristic and boosting condition simultaneously. For the 1,200/29 kW and 1,800 rpm/(lower than) 90 kW conditions, NOx and smoke emissions were controlled lower than the emission regulation of 'Tier-4 final' and the maximum in-cylinder pressure was 160 bar for the indurance of engine system. The results showed that under 1,200 rpm/29 kW condition, there were no changes in brake power and thermal efficiency. On the other hand, under 1,800 rpm condition, brake power and thermal efficieny were decreased from 90 to 65 kW and from 37 to 33 % respectively, because of deceasing intake pressure (from 2.3 to 1.8 bar). Therefore, it is better to supply EGR from the rear of compressor, i.e. low pressure EGR (LP-EGR) system, comparing to high pressure EGR (HP-EGR) for the improvement of RCCI power and thermal efficiency.

• Journal of Korean Society of Neurocognitive Rehabilitation
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.53-62
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to propose an alternative for the eating habits of modern people and coping with the diseases. The purpose of this study was to apply the principles of eating habits of people living in Roma Linda to modern dietary life and to help healthy life and prevent disease. The period of this study was from May 1, 2016 to February 28, 2018. Literature search was conducted using Pubmed and Korean academic web sites. Based on the recognition of wrong eating habits, we classify and classify diseases according to eating habits. A total of more than 100 papers were selected and 60 papers and a database were prepared. People living in Roma Linda have eight health principles. The Roma Linda practiced balanced nutritional intake, sufficient exercise, adequate water intake, sunlight, temperance (abstinence from alcohol etc.), fresh air, adequate rest, and trust in eating habits. People living in Roma Linda have a high intake of vegetables, fruits and nuts. People living in Roma Linda are educated about nutrition, and among them, there is a low prevalence of coronary heart disease and cancer, because they mostly do not smoke or drink alcohol. Unhealthy eating habits and dietary behavior are associated with many diseases. Many chronic, degenerative diseases are due to bad eating habits and stress. If you take good food habits of people living in the Roma Linda area and practice it steadily, it will have a great effect on disease prevention.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.160-168
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• 2021

This study was undertaken to determine the effect of different cooling systems on the performance and hair cortisol of sows under heat stress. During a 21-day experiment, a total of 40 multiparous sows (Landrace×Yorkshire; 242.84±2.89 kg) were allotted to 4 treatments, each with 10 replicates (1 sow per pen). The experimental treatments were CP (Cooling pad), AC (Air conditioner), SC (Snout cooling), and MS (Mist spray). We observed an increase in the average daily feed intake during lactation (p<0.05) in the CP and AC treatment groups. AC treatment had the highest (p<0.05) and SC treatment had the lowest (p<0.05) piglet weight at weaning. During lactation, sows administered SC and MS treatments had higher (p<0.05) hair cortisol accumulation, as compared with the AC and CP treatments. Hair cortisol accumulation in piglets during lactation was highest with MS treatment (p<0.05), and lowest after CP treatment (p<0.05). MS treatment had the highest (p<0.05), and AC treatment had the lowest (p<0.05) respiratory rate and rectal temperature during lactation. In conclusion, our results indicate that a cooling pad and air conditioning cooling system increases the productivity of a sow, as compared to snout cooling and mist spray cooling systems.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.705-712
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• 2008

Sixteen multiparous lactating Holstein cows were used to compare effects of supplementing 1)no additive(Control), 2)1.2% sodium bicarbonate(NaHCO3); 3)niacin(80g/d), 4)vitamin A+E (140,000IU+1000IU) on feed intake, milk production, milk composition and somatic cell counts during the summer months. Insofar as possible, treatment groups were balanced for lactation number and days in milk. Cows were fed a diet of 9.1kg DM of concentrate and 10.2kg DM of corn silage. Daily maximum air temperature in free stall barn was 35℃ for 3 days of the pretreatment periods and decreased gradually up to 27℃ during the treatment periods of 15days. Dry matter intake of corn silage was higher(p<0.05) for cows consuming NaHCO3 than those not consuming NaHCO3. Daily milk production for niacin and vitamin A+E supplementations resulted in significant(p<0.001) increase in milk production from 3 day of trials than control and NaHCO3. Milk fat percentage tended(p=0.09) to increase and milk lactose percentage was increased significantly(p<0.001) for cows supplemented with NaHCO3, niacin and vitamin A+E. Milk protein percentages was higher significantly(p<0.05) with supplemental niacin and somatic cell counts was higher significantly(p<0.001) with supplemental vitamin A+E. These data strongly suggest that supplementation of NaHCO3, niacin or vitamin A+E should be increased for improving milk production and mammary gland health of dairy cows under heat stress.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.231-235
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• 2011

Radium is rock or soil of crust or uranium of building materials and thorium after radioactivity collapse process are created colorless and odorless inert gas that accrue well in sealed space like mine or basement. It inflow to lung circulate respiratory organ and caused lung cancer because of deposition of lung or bronchial tubes. Radium sheath of medical institution treat person's life is possible big danger to professional regarding radioactivity who has much amount exposed radioactivity and weaker immune patient. so we do this test. Using measuring instrument at test is real time radium measuring instrument, Professional Continuous Radon monitor, and measuring places are basement first floor and second floor of two hospitals and measure from 10 a.m to 3 p.m. Measurement result of Professional Continuous Radon monitor is minimum 14.8 Bq/$m^3$ to maximum 70.3 Bq/$m^3$ and show domestic baseline below 148 Bq/$m^3$, effective dose-rate is minimum 0.296 mSv to maximum 1.406 mSv that show 2.4 mSv, 10~58.3% level, exposed radiation amount from nature radiation one year.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.315-326
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• 2013

This study investigated the temporal-spatial distribution and variations in water quality parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, DO, COD, SPM, DIN, DIP, silicate, TN, TP, and chlorophyll-a) in the coastal area of Jeju, Korea, adjacent to aquaculture ponds (Aewol-ri, Haengwon-ri, Pyosun-ri, and Ilkwa-ri). Data were collected bimonthly from February 2010 to December 2011. A principal component analysis (PCA) identified three major factors controlling variations in water quality during the sampling period. Aquaculture effluent water led to large changes in nutrient levels. The highest nutrient values were observed during the investigation period. The relatively large increase in organic matter at the sampling stations coupled with sea area runoff events during the summer rainy period. Variation in chlorophyll-a concentration was mainly driven by meteorological factors such as air temperature and rainfall in the coastal areas of Aewol and Haengwon. In the coastal areas of Pyosun and Ilkwa, pollution was caused by anthropogenic factors such as discharge of aquaculture effluent water. High nutrient concentrations at the majority of the coastal stations indicate eutrophication of coastal waters, especially within a distance of 300 m and depth of 10m from drainage channels. Coastal eutrophication driven by aquaculture effluent may be harmful inshore. Events such as eutrophication may potentially influence water pollution in aquaculture ponds when seawater intake is detected because of aquaculture effluent water.