• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.697-706
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• 2022

The effect of varied light intensities on the growth of daughter plants during propagation and after transplant to raised beds were examined in 'Sulhyang' strawberry. To this end, four treatments in controlling solar radiation inside a plastic house were made: 55% retractable shading and 35, 55, and 75% fixed shading. The plastic house was shaded only from 11:00 to 16:00 in June and 10:00 to 16:00 in July to September for the treatment of 55% retractable shading. The mean solar radiation inside the plastic house in the retractable 55% shading treatment was 317 W·m^-2 and those in the 35, 55, and 75% fixed shading treatments were 183, 165, and 116 W·m^-2, respectively, at 10 o'clock in the morning. The 55% and 75% fixed shading resulted in taller daughter plants with wider leaf areas than 55% retractable shading. The retractable shading also showed higher leaf numbers, crown diameters, root weights, and fresh weights compared to fixed shading treatments. Regarding the inorganic element contents, daughter plants grown under 75% fixed shading had 1.35% total nitrogen content followed by 1.19% in 35% fixed shading, 1.14% in 55% fixed shading, 1.14% in open culture, and 1.10% in 55% fixed shading. After 54 days following the transplant of daughter plants to a raised bed, the fresh weight of the aboveground part was the heaviest in the 55% retractable shading and non-shading treatments. The 75% fixed shading treatment had the lowest fresh weight of the aboveground plant parts. The results of this study could be used for the production of high-quality daughter strawberry plants.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.12-21
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• 2007

Ginsengs (1,2 3 years) from the Keumsan are analysed for the inorganic compounds and compared with the their soils from the granite, phyllite and shale areas. In the soils, the granite areas show high $Al_2O_3\;and\;Na_2O$ contents while the phyllite areas have high $Fe_2O_3,\;MnO\;and\;MgO$ contents. Positive correlations are shown in the $Al_2O_3-K_2O\;and\;Fe_2O_3-MgO$ pairs while negative correlations are shown in the $SiO_2-CaO$ pair. In the ginsengs, the shale areas are high in the most of the elements, but low in the granite areas. Compared with same soils of different ages, Al, Na and Ti contents of the ginsengs are high in the all areas. The shale areas are mainly high in the upper parts while the granite areas are mainly high in the root parts. Regardless of the localities, Fe, Mn and Ca contents are high in the upper parts while Ti contents are high in the root parts with differences of several times. Relative ratios between field soils and ginsengs (field soil/ginseng) suggest that the ginsengs show high Ca contents with differences of several ten times whereas the soils have high Na, Fe, Ti and Al contents with differences of several times. Regardless of the localities, the ratios of the Al, Mn and Na are high in the 2 year relative to the 3 year. Overall ratios between field soils and ginsengs are mainly big in the 2 year area relative to the 3 year area. It suggests that contents of the 3 year ginsengs are more similar to those of their soils relative to the 2 year and the ginsengs may absorpt eligible element contents with increasing ages.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2020

This study analyzed the components contained in the pine needles of first and second-year-olds to analyze the factors that the in vivo content of inorganic elements affects the sex determination of pine trees. In response, the plan for pine tree plant and maintenance was intended to be presented in consideration of the reproductive environment and physiological characteristics. The results are as follows. First, last year, when there were many encyclopedias, the analyzed N(%) content was found to be high. The nitrogen content of the previous year's soil was found to affect the production of the spheres the following year. This is believed to be possible to reduce the rate of Pine pollen produced in the new plant in the following year through a dispute over quality consumption in the spring of the previous year. Second, the weapons elements involved in the Pine cones and the generation of the Pine pollen in the new plant appeared to be P(%), K(%), Ca(%), and Fe(%). However, the nutrients from the previous year's leaves of Ca(%) and Fe(%) were found to have a low influence on the sex determination of first-year pine trees. Because Ca(%) and Fe(%) are not able to move nutrients accumulated in aging organs due to the nature of the components, feeding nutrients in the fall when the growth of the previous year's branches is reduced is expected to affect oral generation. Third, pine trees are extremely positive and Pine pollen is related to the time of the northeast wind. Therefore, it is believed that it would be good to be located in the northern direction, where the sunlight is good, in an outdoor space. In addition, it is important to use vaginal consumer products in spring and carry out a quarrel involving Mg and Fe during fall to reduce the effect of the Pine pollen, which is an outdoor plant. This is an important part of maintaining and managing pine trees in outdoor spaces as well as the sex determination of pine trees. This study suggested that plant planning, which derives the correlation between pine inorganic element content on sexual determination and takes into account the physiological characteristics of pine trees, is an important issue in the creation of outdoor space. Follow-up research on other factors affecting pine tree sex determination is expected.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.361-367
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• 2017

Production cost as well as environmental contamination can be reduced by reuse of drained nutrient solution in hydroponic. This research was conducted to obtain the information in changes in inorganic elements concentration of supplied and drained nutrient solution as well as of plant leaves. To achieve the objective, the samples of supplied and drained solution and cherry tomato leaf tissues were periodically collected and analyzed during the hydroponic cultivation. The electrical conductivity (EC) of supplied and drained nutrient solution in early growth stage of cherry tomato were measured as around $2.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, but those values move up with the passage of time reaching to $2.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ at flowering stage of 9th fruiting node. The pHs of drained solution in early growth stage were 6.4 to 6.7, however those showed a tendency to get lowered to 5.9 to 6.1 as time passed during the crop cultivation. The concentration differences of $NO_3-N$, P, K, Ca, and Mg between supplied and drained solution were not distinctive until flowering stages of 4th fruiting nodes, while those in drained solution moved up after the stage. The tissue N contents of leaves decrease gradually and those of K and Ca increased as crops grew. However, Tissue P and Mg contents were maintained similarly from transplant to end-crop. The above results would be used in correction of drained nutrient solution when element compositions are varied compared to supplied solution in hydroponic cultivation of tomatoes.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.27-33
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• 2009

In this study, it was analysed physical characteristics, TS, moisture, C/N ratio, leaching test, and element analysis in landfill wastes of 10 years old without landfill pretreatment. The Organic material content was 7.2%~23.5% and soil was the main inorganic materials which it's rate was 54.1%~71.0%, in landfill wastes. The results of TS, VS, and moisture were represented 51.5%~68.1%, 23.6%~56.1%, 32.0%~48.4%, respectively. The analysis of hazardous materials did not indicate Hg, $Cr^{+6}$, CN, Organic Phosphorus, TCE and PCE, however the Pb of leaching materials showed 0.023~0.092 mg/L, which was the highest. As the result of the element analysis, C was 47.74%~56.72%, N was 4.09%~9.92%, the C/N ratio was 5.76~12.57 and the result of soils around landfill was the highest heavy material, Pb, 2.465 mg/kg~10.251 mg/kg. The objectives of this paper are to investigate states, stabilization of these closed landfills and to gain suitable data for post-closure care using some parameters through analysis of landfill environment.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.210-224
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• 2003

Sulfate reduction is a microbiological process which occurs ubiquitously in anaerobic marine environment. Sulfate reducing bacteria play a significant role in anaerobic decomposition of organic matter and regeneration of inorganic nutrients which supports the primary production in the water column (i.e., benthic-pelagic coupling) and, in special case, could be responsible for the harmful algal bloom in the coastal marine environment. Summary of the sulfate reduction rates reported in various marine sedimentary environments revealed that supply of organic substrates and presence of various electron acceptors (i.e., $O_2$, NO$_{3}$$^{[-10]}$ , Fe(III) and Mn(IV), etc.) for other aerobic and anaerobic respiration directly affect the sulfate reduction rate and relative significance of sulfate reduction in organic matter mineralization. Significance of temperature, macrophytes and bioturbation is discussed as factors controlling supply of organic substrates and distribution of electron acceptors. Finally, we suggest studies on the anaerobic microbiological processes associated with biogeochemical element cycles in the coastal environments of Korea where massive operation of organic enriched fish cage farm, frequent occurrence of toxic algal bloom and hypoxia and conservation of tidal flat are of major environmental issues.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.631-636
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• 2010

One experiment was carried out to investigate the soil chemical properties of bracken growth and the inorganic element contents of plant. To the results of soil analysis in native bracken (Pteridium aquilinum L.) growth, soil pH was 5.2, organic matter was 19 g $kg^{-1}$ and available phosphate was 20 mg $kg^{-1}$, and exchangeable potassium, calcium, magnesium were 0.32, 2.0 and 1.3 $cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. In the bracken cultivation soil, pH was 5.7, organic matter was 13 g $kg^{-1}$ and available phosphate 367 mg $kg^{-1}$, and exchangeable potassium, calcium and magnesium were 0.81, 4.0 and 1.4 $cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. The soil pH, available phosphate and exchangeable calcium were much lower in bracken native soil than those of cultivation soil, while organic matter was a little higher in native soil than that of cultivation soil. In native bracken plants, three major elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, were 4.40, 0.55 and 3.40%, calcium and magnesium were 0.22 and 0.32%, and microelements of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and boron were 126, 210, 23, 75 and 11 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively. In cultivation bracken, three major elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, were 5.50, 0.73 and 3.55%, calcium and magnesium were 0.17 and 0.28%, and microelement contents of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and boron (B) were 120, 252, 19, 72 and 20 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.297-302
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• 2006

This study has examined the physicochemical properties of the Pleurotus eryngii, including their proximate components, amount mineral content, total dietary fiber, total sugar, reducing sugar and free sugar. Additionally, it measured the P. egii ethanol extracts and the total amounts of polyphenol compounds as well as its electron donating ability (EDA) of the substance fraction (SF). The P. eryngii powder's moisture content was 9.0% and each of the other element content such as carbohydrate, crude protein, crude ash and crude fat was found to be 63.06%, 20.70%, 5.20% and 2.0% respectively. Potassium (K) was shown to be the greatest inorganic content and manganese (Mn) was the lowest. Furthermore fructose, galactose, glucose lactose and maltose free sugar content was found in this order. 387 mg% of the total amounts of polyphenol was found in the P. eryngii whole body ethanol extract, 158 mg% in the stipe extract, 593 mg% in the pileus extract and 607 mg% in the substance fraction (SF). Electron donating ability (EDA) was highest at 91.12% in the whole body extract and lowest at 62.90% in the stipe extract. Additionally, the EDA for substance fraction (SF) 0.02%-0.1% was found to be 57.78-77.33%, which was lower than the 0.02%-tocopherol (93.92%) and BHT (96.72%). From these results, it can be assumed that P. eryngii offers superior antioxidative effects with its high content of fiber, inorganic materials and total amounts of polyphenol as well as high electron donating ability (EDA), thereby making it ideal for use in functional foods and industrial materials.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.1160-1167
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• 2017

Objective: To assess the effects of proteinate complex zinc (PC-Zn) on growth performance, antioxidative function, trace element concentrations and immune function in weaned piglets. Methods: Three hundred newly weaned barrows ($Duroc{\times}Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$), 28 days of age, were randomly allotted to 3 dietary groups of 5 replicate pens per group for 4 weeks of feeding. Experimental diets were: i) zinc deficient diet (ZnD, 24 mg/kg Zn supplementation from $ZnSO_4$), ii) inorganic Zn diet supplemented with 120 mg/kg of Zn from Zn sulfate ($ZnSO_4$), and iii) organic Zn diet supplemented with 120 mg/kg of Zn from PC-Zn. The body weight of pigs were recorded at the beginning, at the middle and at the end of the experiment, and the amount of feed supplied each day was recorded. Five barrows from each dietary treatment group were selected to be anesthetized and euthanized at the end of the trial to determine the Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn concentrations, the hepatic metallothionein content, the levels of methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA), Mn, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the spleen, the levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, interferon $(IFN)-{\gamma}$, $CD3^+$, $CD4^+$, and $CD8^+$ T lymphocyte. Results: The accumulation of Zn in the spleen, levels of SOD, GSH-Px, IL-4, IL-10, the proportions of $CD3^+$ and $CD4^+$ T lymphocyte, and the ratio of $CD4^+/CD8^+$ T lymphocyte were increased by organic Zn supplementation compared to ZnD, while the levels of MDA, $IFN-{\gamma}$, and proportion of $CD8^+$ T lymphocyte were lowered. Conclusion: These findings indicate that Zn can improve the antioxidant potential and immune functions of weaned piglets.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.13
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• pp.37-44
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• 2012

White crystals on 46 costumes excavated from Shim Su-Ryun(1534 - 1589)'s tomb were examined their characterization and distribution. In 36 of such samples, white crystals with different shape and hardness were found. The formation of crystals did not correlated with a kind and use of textiles. However, crystals were found in the back side than the front of costume, specially around the marks of shrouding dead body. White crystals from 7 textiles were investigated by EPMA, XRD, or FT-IR. The composition of white crystal was analysed by EPMA and the structure characterization of crystals was used by X-ray diffraction. FT-IR spectroscopy was applied to check if non-crystalline compounds were also present. Mg and P were detected as the main element of white crystals and these compounds were identified a struvite and newberyite, the inorganic mineral magnesium ammonium phosphates. Struvite precipitation are influenced by many factors including concentration of Mg²⁺, NH₄⁺, and PO₄^3- ions, pH, and temperatures. It is assumed that magnesium, phosphorous, ammonia, a base material of struvite comes from decomposition product of human body. Tomb covered with lime, a unique triple-structure in Joseon period offering the basic condition, an anaerobe in a coffin, and high magnesium concentration of outer coffin with lime can be inferred as important factor for precipitation of crystals.