• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.428-435
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• 2003

This research was performed to examine an anti-inflammatory effects of Gamisangryosamul-Tang(GSS) and anti-pruritus effects of Ziyang-Go(Salve). This study was processed by three experiments; Experiment 1: Inhibitory activity of GSS extract on the degranulation of mast cell and histamine release in plasma induced by compound 48/80 i.p, injection after the pretreatment of GSS extract i.p, injection in Sprague-Dawley rats, Experiment 2: Anti-inflammatory effect of GSS extract on macropharge raw 264,7 cells treated by LPS 250 ppm (before 2 hours). Experiment 3: Measurement of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and atopic dermatitis using NC/Nga mice, GSS extract inhibited histamine release by 70% compared to compound 48/80 treated control group and histologically significantly reduced (P<0,01) the degranulation of mast cell in SD rats. In GSS extract treated group, the expression of TNF-α in macropharge cell showed the remarkable inhibitory effect about 62% (P<0,01) compared to LPS treated control group. The expression of IL-6 appeared more effective by 46% than the LPS treated control group and by 6% compared to hydrocortison treated group, Comparing with steroid (0.05% prednisolon) ointment, Ziyan-Go treated group showed the significant(30%) recovery on skin response index in atopic dermatis like anaphylaxis mice(NC/Nga), Finally, in scratching behavioral tests of NC/Nga mice for three weeks, Ziyang-Go treated group significantly (P<0.05) suppressed the pruritus on the face, neck, ears and dorsal skin than inbred NC/Nga mice. However, the change of IgE and IFN-γ from the spleen cell of NC/Nga mice was not significantly different between the oral intake of GSS extract group and of saline intaked control group. Summary and Conclusion: This study demons trates that Ziyang-go have the equal anti-pruritus effect to steroid ointment and GSS extract have the notable immunologic activity on inflammatory in vivo and in vitro model. Advanced experiment of this study will be required for more reliable information about the correlation between the lymphokine (i.e. IgE) and the anti-allergic effects of GSS.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.685-694
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• 2009

This experimental study was designed to investigate the inhibitory effects of ethanol extract of modified Yukgunja-tang(mYGJT) on high-fat diet-induced obesity and hyperlipidemia in Sprague-Dawley rats, Animals were divided into normal, control, mYGJT(100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) treated groups. Obesity with hyperlipidemia was induced by high fat diet treatment for 6 weeks. mYGJT was given to the amimals by oral gavage for 4 weeks, starting at the high-fat diet regimen, The effect of mYGJT on the differentiation of 3T3 L1 adipocytes in vitro and serological paramamters for obesity and hyperlipidemia in vivo were evaluated, mYGJT significnatly inhibited the differentiation of 3T3 L1 adipocytes in a concentration dependent manner. mYGJT treatment siginficantly reduced body weight, abdominal and epididymal fat weight, and FER(Food Efficiency Ratio) compared with control group in a dose dependent manner. It also signficantly inhibited the levels of serum total lipid, triglyceride, phospholipid, total cholesterol, LDL, AI(Atherosclerosis Index) and returned the serum HDL to normal. Total lipids, triglycerides and cholesterols in the liver, as well as malondialdehyde(MDA) and hydroxy radical in the serum were significantly reduced. However, superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity was significantly increased in mYGJT treated group compared with control group. Finally, mYGJT treatment signficantly decreased the MDA and protein carbonyl concentrations of the hepatic homogenate but signficantly increased the activities of SOD, GSH-Px and Catalase. Taken together, these results suggest that mYGJT can be clinically useful in inhibiting high-fat diet-induced obesity and hyperlipidemia.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.899-904
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• 2002

Aloe and propolis are extensively used in folk medicine. Ethanol extracts of Aloe vera (AE), ethanol extract of propolis (PE) and waxfree extract of propolis (PW) were prepared to test antimicrobial activities against five oral microorganisms (Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, Enteococcus hirae, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans). Antimicrobial activities were tested by serial broth dilution method and expressed by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). The AE showed relatively weak antimicrobial activities, while both of PE and PW greatly inhibited all microorganisms tested. To investigate the antimicrobial effects of the combined extracts of aloe with propolis, the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was determined by checkerboard assay for each strain. The combination of AE with PE or PW resulted in Synergistic effect against oral microorganisms tested (FICI=0.375) except Escherichia coli (FICI=1.0 for PE, FICI=0.75 for PW).

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.164-176
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• 2016

This study was perfomed to investigate the effects of Chunghyul-plus(CHP) on oxidative damage and hyperlipidemia in db/db mouse. After treatment with CHP, safety in cytotoxicity, heavy metal toxicity, production of reactive oxygen species(ROS), nitric oxide (N0) and proinflammatory cytokine IL-Ib, TNF-a, IL-6 in RAW 264.7 cells. Serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, insulin, GLP-1, glucose, food intake, body weight, organ weight, AST, ALT, ALP, BUN, creatine and histologic change of liver and aorta were measured in db/db mouse after oral administration of CHP. CHP showed safety in cytotoxicity and toxicity of liver and kidney for logn time administration. CHP increased the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. CHP showed significant inhibitory effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS), and showed inhibitory effect on nitiric oxide(NO) compared to control group. CHP decreased cytokine IL-6 production significantly, and decreased IL-1β and TNF-α compared to control group. CHP decreased body and organ weitht, intake food, and glucose levels compared to control group. CHP decreased total cholesterol and triglyceride significantly, and decreased LDL-cholesterol levels and increased HDL-cholesterol levels compared to control group. CHP decreased atherogenic index and cardiac risk factor significantly. CHP increased serum insulin and GLP-1 compared to control group. In histologic examination, lipophagy in the liver and aorta decreased in CHP treated mice and the cell was regular and boundary of vessel wall was clear compared to control group. These results suggest that CHP is effective in antioxidation activity and treatment and prevention of hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, stroke and other cardiocerebrovascular disease.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.20-52
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• 1999

In order to investigate the effect of Naetakchungumsankamibang(NTCGS) water extract on the skin tumor induced by 3-MCA and immunological responses in mice, the cytotoxicity against SK-MEL-2 cells and total number of tumors induced by 3-MCA were measured. The numbers of WBC, platelets and RBC, plaque forming cells, hemagglutinin titer, hemolysis titer, carbon clearance, proliferation of splenocyte by thymidine uptake assay, splenic leukocyte by FACS analysis and $TNF-{\alpha}$ were also measured for the evaluation of the immunological responses. The results were obtained as follows: 1. In cytotoxicity against SK-MEL-2 cells, concentration inhibiting cell growth up to below $20\%$ of control was recognized at 1mg/ml of NTCGS. 2. In Inhibitory effect on the skin tumor induced by 3-MCA, the results showed a strong inhibitory effect of NTCGS. 3. In hematological changes in the tumor bearing mice, the numbers of WBC decreased significantly in NTCGS treated group as compared with control. 4. In hematological changes in the tumor bearing mice, the numbers of platelets increased significantly in NTCGS treated group as compared with control. 5. In hematological changes in the tumor bearing mice, the numbers of RBC increased with no significance in NTCGS treated group as compared with control. 6. Effects of the plaque forming cells in the tumor bearing mice, NTCGS treated group exhibited a significant effect compared with control. 7. In terms of the effects on hemagglutinin titer, NTCGS treated group showed higher level than control, without significance. 8. In terms of the effects on hemolysis titer, NTCGS treated group showed higher level than control, without significance. 9. In terms of the effects on phagocytic index K in Balb/C mice, NTCGS treated group showed significant difference from control. 10. In terms of the effects on proliferation of splenocyte by thymidine uptake assay, NTCGS showed significant effect at the concentration of 0.5mg/ml. 11. In terms of the effects on splenic leukocyte of Balb/C mice by FACS analysis, NTCGS treated group showed significantly higher level of helper T cell, B cell and macrophage than in control. 12. In terms of the effects on the secretion of $TNF-{\alpha}$, the treated group showed significant effect at the concentration of 1mg/ml of NTCGS. Based on the results summarized above, NTCGS is considered to have antitumor activity and immunological responses against skin tumor, and to be usable fur the treatment.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.265-276
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• 1999

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of hydrogen peroxide-producing Lactobacillus acidophilus V-20onthe replication of periodontal pathogens, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. When A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis were incubated alone and in the combination with L. acidophilus V-20, the viable cell numbers of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis were compared between those cultures. The effect of S. mutans, E. durans, and L. lactis on the replication of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis was also evaluated. The change of periodontal indexes(probine depth, gingival index, GCF volume) and the viable cell numbers of A. actinomycetemcomitans and black pigmented bacteroides in subgingival plaque sample were evaluated following gargling of fermented milk made from L. acidophilus V-20 for 1 month on patients with periodontal disease in maintenance phase. In the mixed culture of L. acidophilus V-20 and A. actinomycetemcomitans or P. gingivalis, the replication of A. actinomycetemcomitans or P. gingivalis wascompletely inhibited. But in the mixed culture of P. gingivalis and hydrogen peroxide-nonproducing Lactobacillus casei, the viable ceil numbers of P. gingivaliswas not decreased when compared with the numbers in the mixed culture of P. gingivalis and L. acidophilus V-20. In the mixed culture of A. actinomycetemcomitans and S. mutans, E. durans, or L. lactis, the viable cell number of A. actinomycetemcomitans was not almost changed when compared with the numbers in the culture of A. actinomycetemcomitans alone. And in the mixed culture of P. gingivalis and E. durans or L. lactis, the viable cell numbers of P. gingivaliswas not almost changed compared with the counts in the culture of P. gingivalis alone. But the replication of P. gingivalis was completely inhibited in the mixed culture of P. gingivalis and S. mutans. When the change of periodontal indexes following gargling of fermented milk was compared with baseline, probing depth and gingival index were not changed, but GCF volume was significantly decreased(p<0.05). And when the viable ceil numbers of microorganisms in subgingival plaque sample were compared with baseline, total viable ceil number was almost unchanged and the viable cell numbers of A. actinomycetemcomitans and black pigmented bacteroides were significantly decreased(p<0.05). These results suggest that L. acidophilus V-20 inhibit the replication of A. actinomycetemcomitans and black pigmented bacteroides by the formation of hydrogen peroxide.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.396-402
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• 2012

The chemical composition, anti-porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) activity and antimicrobial activity of Artemisia dubia essential oil were evaluated in this study. Fifty eight compounds from A. dubia essential oil were identified through analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major constituents of the oil were camphor (17.18 %), germacrene-D (15.70%), trans (${\beta}-$) racaryophyllene (6.79%), ene thujones (6.57%), 1, 8-cineole (5.94%) and camphene (5.08%). The essential oil was evaluated for antiviral activity against PEDV in Vero cells using a cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction method. The oils actively inhibited PEDV replication with a 50% inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$) of 43.7 ${\mu}^3/mL$. The 50% cytotoxicity concentration ($CC_{50}$) of the oils was over 100 ${\mu}/mL$ and the derived therapeutic index was >2.3. Similar analysis of the ribavirin revealed that they have a relatively weaker efficacy when compared to the oils. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil against 5 microorganisms was evaluated by the disc diffusion method. The essential oil exhibited antimicrobial activity against 5 tested microorganisms with a clear zone of 8-22 mm. Among the tested microorganisms, Streptococcus pyogenes was the most sensitive and Candida albicans the least. Therefore, in can be concluded that essential oils of A. dubia may have interesting applications for microbial control or the control of PEDV-derived diseases.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.275-282
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• 2018

Paeoniae Radix has been used as a traditional medicine for various diseases including hepatic disease. However, the inhibitory effect of Paeoniae Radix on intestinal inflammation has not been fully understood yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Paeoniae Radix on colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium in mice. To investigate the protective effects of Paeoniae Radix, the colitis mice were induced by drinking water containing 5% dextran sulfate sodium for 7 days. Mice were randomized into groups receiving Paeoniae Radix (100 mg/kg), sulfasalazine (150 mg/kg) as a positive control, or water as a negative control. We evaluated the effects of Paeoniae Radix on clinical signs induced by dextran sulfate sodium, measuring weight loss, colon length, and disease activity index. Additionally, to find a possible explanation for the anti-inflammatory effects of Paeoniae Radix, we evaluated the effects of Paeoniae Radix on the interleukin-6 and cyclooxygenase-2 levels in colitis tissue. The results indicated that mice treated with dextran sulfate sodium showed measurable clinical signs, including weight loss and reduced colon length. However, Paeoniae Radix treatment significantly improved the weight loss and disease activity index as clinical symptoms. Moreover, Paeoniae Radix inhibited the interleukin-6 and cyclooxygenase-2 expression levels in colon tissues treated with dextran sulfate sodium. Taken together, the findings of this study suggest that Paeoniae Radix may be useful for treating intestinal inflammation, including ulcerative colitis.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.44.1-44.17
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• 2023

Background: Antibiotic resistance is a significant public health concern around the globe. Antimicrobial peptides exhibit broad-spectrum and efficient antibacterial activity with an added advantage of low drug resistance. The higher water content and 3D network structure of the hydrogels are beneficial for maintaining antimicrobial peptide activity and help to prevent degradation. The antimicrobial peptide released from hydrogels also hasten the local wound healing by promoting epithelial tissue regeneration and granulation tissue formation. Objective: This study aimed at developing sodium alginate based hydrogel loaded with a novel antimicrobial peptide Chol-37(F34-R) and to investigate the characteristics in vitro and in vivo as an alternative antibacterial wound dressing to treat infectious wounds. Methods: Hydrogels were developed and optimized by varying the concentrations of crosslinkers and subjected to various characterization tests like cross-sectional morphology, swelling index, percent water contents, water retention ratio, drug release and antibacterial activity in vitro, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected wound mice model in vivo. Results: The results indicated that the hydrogel C proved superior in terms of cross-sectional morphology having uniformly sized interconnected pores, a good swelling index, with the capacity to retain a higher quantity of water. Furthermore, the optimized hydrogel has been found to exert a significant antimicrobial activity against bacteria and was also found to prevent bacterial infiltration into the wound site due to forming an impermeable barrier between the wound bed and external environment. The optimized hydrogel was found to significantly hasten skin regeneration in animal models when compared to other treatments in addition to strong inhibitory effect on the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α). Conclusions: Our results suggest that sodium alginate -based hydrogels loaded with Chol-37(F34-R) hold the potential to be used as an alternative to conventional antibiotics in treating infectious skin wounds.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.62-69
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• 2007

To evaluate effect of CYTG on inhibiting the occurrence of arthritis, we performed the experiments including production of inflammatory cytokine and immunoglobulin in collagen arthritis model. The results were obtained as fellows. CYTG group showed inhibitory effect on arthritis incidence than control group for four weeks. Arthritis index of CYTG group reduced compared with control group. In CYTG group, production of cytokines which show suppressive effect on inflammation(IL-2, COX-2) was increased and which promotes inflammation(IL-10) was decreases in spleen. In CYTG group, production of immunoglobulin (IgG-RF) was reduced compared with control, and rate of CD3+CD69+T cell is lower in lymph node and CD4+CD25+ T cell is higher in lymph node and spleen. And synovial infiltration in the knee were observed in the controls (PBS-treated mice), whereas CYTG-treated mice exhibited significantly reduced histologic evidence of destruction and inflammation. So, the histopathological scoring average of CYTG group was 2.5 compared with control group(CIA mice) 4.5. It was thought that our data express high effect via immune system specially through the controling the inflammatory cytokines and immunoglobulins. CYTG could be usefully applied for the prevention and treatment of RA, and also is expected to be clinically helpful on the treatment of RA through modification.