• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.250-259
• /
• 2011

This study was conducted to assess the possibility of 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (DHNQ) as a environmental friendly herbicide candidate. Foliar application of DHNQ showed excellent herbicidal effect to the 3 grasses and 5 broad-leaved weeds. Among them, Digitaria sanguinalis and Solanum nigrum were completely controlled by $250{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ of DHNQ with main symptoms of desiccation or burndown within 24 hours. Aeschynomene indica was also sensitive to DHNQ treatment. All of the eight weed species were controlled by 90~100% at a concentration of $1000{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$. However, soil application of DHNQ to Digitaria sanguinalis did not show any herbicidal symptoms. DHNQ strongly inhibited KAPAS activities in vitro and the $IC_{50}$ was $4.4{\mu}M$. Cellular leakage from cucumber leaf squares treated with DHNQ increased depending on the concentrations increased from 6.25 to $100{\mu}M$ after 24 hours incubation with or without light. However, chlorophyll loss in cucumber leaf squares was negligible. Biotin supplements significantly rescued the inhibition of germination rate of Arabidopsis thaliana seeds previously inhibited by the DHNQ. According to above results, DHNQ is a good natural herbicide candidate having a new target KAPAS, which is involved in biotin biosynthesis pathway, with environmental friendly.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.343-351
• /
• 2014

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) plays a central role in cell signaling and leads to cell proliferation, survival, motility, exocytosis, and cytoskeletal rearrangements, as well as specialized cell responses, superoxide production, and cardiac myocyte growth. PI3K is divided into three classes; type I PI3K is preferentially expressed in leukocytes and activated by ${\beta}{\gamma}$ subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins. In this study, the cDNAs encoding the $PI3K{\gamma}$ gene were isolated from a brain cDNA library constructed using the flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). The sequence of the isolated $PI3K{\gamma}$ was 1341 bp, encoding 447 amino acids. The nucleotide sequence of the $PI3K{\gamma}$ gene was analyzed with that of other species, including Oreochromis niloticus and Danio rerio, and it turned out to be well conserved during evolution. The $PI3K{\gamma}$ gene was subcloned into the expression vector pET-44a(+), and expressed in the E. coli BL21 (DE3) codon plus cell. The resulting protein was expressed as a fusion protein of approximately 49 kDa containing a C-terminal six-histidine extension that was derived from the expression vector. The expressed protein was purified to homogeneity by His-tag affinity chromatography and showed enzymatic activity corresponding to $PI3K{\gamma}$. The binding of wortmannin to $PI3K{\gamma}$, as detected by anti-wortmannin antisera, closely followed the inhibition of the kinase activities. The results obtained from this study will provide a wider base of knowledge on the primary structure and characterization of the $PI3K{\gamma}$ at the molecular level.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.47 no.4
• /
• pp.390-395
• /
• 2004

In order to characterize ion channels present in tomato roots, microsomes were incorporated into an artificial lipid bilayer arranged for electrophysiological analysis. Of the five different ion channels that could be found, a channel of 450 pS conductance was found most frequently. This channel displayed subconductance states of 450, 257 and 105 pS. All subconductance states showed linear current-voltage relationships. At positive holding potentials, high frequency of transient channel openings was observed; however, at negative potentials, the open times were long and open probability high. Po was 0.83 at -40 mV. When an additional 50 mM $K^+\;or\;Na^+$ was added to the cis side of bilayer, the reversal potentials shifted in the negative direction to near -10 mV. Thus, the 450 pS cation channel selects poorly between $K^+\;and\;Na^+$. In the presence of $100\;{\mu}M$ metal ions, the channel activity was severely inhibited by $La^{3+},\;Ba^{2+},\;and\;Zn^{2+}$, and Po was decreased to 0.2 or even less. However, $Al^{3+}\;and\;Cd^{2+}$ decreased the activity by only 20%. Interestingly, each metal ion showed different kinetics of channel inhibition. While $500\;{\mu}M\;La^{3+}$ inhibited the activities of all subconductance state, 1 mM $Zn^{2+}$ inhibited all except the 105 pS state. $Cd^{2+}$ changed the gating of the channel from a long-opening state to brief transient openings even at negative holding potentials. These data represent that the metal ions may have different binding sites on the channel protein and could be useful modulators and probes to investigate structural characteristics as well as the functional roles of the 450 pS channel on the root physiology.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.27 no.6
• /
• pp.620-626
• /
• 2016

In this study, we investigated the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity and cellular protective effects against oxidative stress on human skin cells in 50% ethanol extract and its fractions of Calendula officinalis (C. officinalis) flowers. We measured the antioxidant effects of 50% ethanol extract and its fractions of C. officinalis flowers on the free radical scavenging activity ($FSC_{50}$), the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities ($OSC_{50}$) and the inhibition of intracellular ROS generation in human skin cells. These results showed that the antioxidant effect of the ethyl acetate and aglycone fraction was more than the 50% ethanol extract of C. officinalis flowers. We also investigated the cellular protective activity and the results showed that treatment of the ethyl acetate fraction ($0.05-3.13{\mu}g/mL$) protects human skin cells in a concentration-dependent manner when the skin cell damages were induced by treating them with $H_2O_2$. In addition, the aglycone fraction ($1.56-3.13{\mu}g/mL$) shows cellular protective effects on the UV-induced cell damages in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the fractions of C. officinalis flowers can function as a natural antioxidant agent of cosmetics in human skin cells exposed to oxidative stress by ROS scavenging effects.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.73-77
• /
• 2002

The effect of salicylic acid (SA) on C $d^{2+}$ - induced physiological toxicity in Commelina communis was investigated. 3- weeks old Commelina communis was transferred to and grown in Hoagland solution in the presence or absence of 100 $\mu$M C $d^{2+}$ and SA for 3 weeks. In the treatment of C $d^{2+}$ + SA, the length of stem was increased to 0.7 cm for 3 weeks (C $d^{2+}$, 2.1cm; control, 7.2 cm). C $d^{2+}$ + SA reduced total chlorophyll content up to 86%, and changed chlorophyll a/b ratio below 1.6. C $d^{2+}$ + SA also reduced about 40-78% of water potential, but C $d^{2+}$ increased 16-39% from 1 week to 3 weeks. C $d^{2+}$ + SA also inhibited 27% of Fv/Fm, but in case of C $d^{2+}$, Fv/Fm was not changed. The treatment of C $d^{2+}$ + SA showed about 37-58% inhibition of photosynthetic activity when measured at various light intensity (500-1000 $\mu$mol $m^{-2}$ $s^{-1}$ ). In the case of C $d^{2+}$ treatment, photosynthetic activity was inhibited to 12-15%. Similar effect was found in terms of stomatal conductance. Therefore, it could be concluded that the treatment of C $d^{2+}$ + SA into plant decrease or block various physiological activities and lend to die by double effects of both chemicals.cts of both chemicals..

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.52 no.3
• /
• pp.274-283
• /
• 2020

This study focused on the in vitro investigation of antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities, along with neuroprotection against high glucose-induced cytotoxicity, in order to evaluate the physiological effects of Zanthoxylum piperitum and Zanthoxylum schinifolium. The highest total phenolic content was measured in the 40% ethanolic extracts of Zanthoxylum piperitum (EZP) and Zanthoxylum schinifolium (EZS). The in vitro EZP antioxidant activity showed a relatively higher ABTS/DPPH radical scavenging activity and malondialdehyde inhibitory effect than that of EZS. The EZP inhibited carbohydrate hydrolysis (α-glucosidase and α-amylase) more efficiently than EZS in anti-diabetic tests. However, EZS showed a more efficient inhibition of advanced glycation end-products formation than EZP. In addition, both EZP and EZS effectively protected human-derived neuronal cells from high glucose-induced cytotoxicity. Finally, the physiological compounds were analyzed using UPLC IMS-QTOF/MS^E, and the main EZP (quercetin-3-O-glucoside and 3-caffeoylquinic acid) and EZS (5-caffeoylquinic acid) compounds were identified as phenolic compounds.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.871-876
• /
• 2010

Seven native and four introduced herbs namely $Thymus$ $quinquecostatus$, $Chrysanthemum$ $zawadskii$ var. $latilobum$, $Rosmarinus$ $officinalis$, etc. were selected for analysis of the DPPH radical scavenging and anti-microbial activity of their extracts. These perennial herbs are classified as $Labiatae$ and $Compositae$ except for $Saururus$ $chinensis$ and can be propagated through seedling and cuttage. These edible herbs are used as medicinal as well as ornamental plants. Their extract has electron donating ability which ranges from 69.7 to 78.7% for native herbs and 67.4 to 75.4% for introduced herbs. Native herbs have higher (3.54%) average DPPH radical scavenging than introduced herbs. In native herbs, maximum DPPH radical scavenging activity was observed in $Agastache$ $rugosa$ (78.7%) followed by $Saururus$ $chinensis$ while $Chamaemelum$ $nobile$ showed highest activity among the introduced herbs. Many herbs viz. $Saururus$ $chinensis$, $Chrysanthemum$ $zawadskii$ var. $latilobum$ and $Solidago$ $virga-aurea$ var. $gigantean$ showed excellent anti-microbial activity against gram positive $Enterococcus$ $faecalis$, maximum (80.0%) by $Saururus$ $chinensis$. Other herbs viz. $Solidago$ $virga-aurea$ var. $gigantea$, $Chrysanthemum$ $zawadskii$ var. $latilobum$, $Salvia$Salvia $plebeia$, $Chrysanthemum$ $indicum$, $Rosmarinus$ $officinalis$, $Chamaemelum$ $nobile$ and $Lavandula$ $stoechas$ showed anti-microbial activity against gram negative $Citrobacter$ $freundii$. Especially, the inhibition of colony growth of $Citrobacter$ $freundii$ was highest in the extract of $Chrysanthemum$ $zawadskii$ var. $latilobum$, and $Chamaemelum$ $nobile$.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.187-193
• /
• 2017

As a part of ongoing research to elucidate and characterize antiinflammatory nutraceuticals, the crude extracts from Atriplex gmelinii C. A. Mey. and their solvent-partitioned fractions were tested for their antiinflammatory potential in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. The crude extracts of A. gmelinii C. A. Mey. were fractioned according to polarity with n-hexane, 85% aqueous methanol (85% aq. MeOH), n-butanol, and $H_2O$. Their antiinflammatory activities were investigated in LPS-induced inflammation in mouse macrophages by measuring nitric oxide (NO) generation and mRNA expression of inflammation mediators, namely, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-$1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$), and IL-6. As a result, we confirmed that the crude extracts of A. gmelinii C. A. Mey. inhibited LPS-stimulated NO production and mRNA expression of iNOS and COX-2 as important inflammatory factors. The inhibition of NO production through the downregulation of important inflammatory factors such as iNOS, COX-2, $IL-1{\beta}$, and IL-6 was found by treatment with all solvent-partitioned fractions. Among all tested fractions, 85% aq. MeOH showed the strongest antiinflammatory response. Based on the current results, A. gmelinii C. A. Mey. was suggested to possess natural antiinflammatory components, indicating that it could be used as a valuable source of antiinflammatory substances.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.335-344
• /
• 2015

The objective of this study was to determine the rheological characteristics and sensory evaluation of yanggaeng by using the functional properties of Momordica charantia. Dried Momordica charantia was roasted at $180^{\circ}C$ to remove its bitter taste. The results of the study were as follows : The phenolic compound of Momordica charantia was $6.30{\pm}0.17mg/g$ in water extracts, which was the highest extractive rate. The anti-oxidant activity of non-roasted and roasted samples was determined in various phenolic concentrations at $50{\sim}200{\mu}g/mL$. The DPPH activities of non-roasted and roasted Momordica charantia water and ethanol extracts were 74.06~92.71% and 86.06~94.07%, respectively. The ABTS were 36.26~98.03% and 67.02~99.60% in water and ethanol extracts, respectively. The anti-oxidant protection factor of water and ethanol extracts were 2.19~2.25 PF and 2.20~2.36 PF respectively, and TBARS were 13.81~40.97% and 23.32~82.47%, respectively. The anti-oxidant activity of ethanol extracts was higher than that of water extracts at low phenolics concentration of $50{\mu}g/mL$, while the roasted sample was higher than the sample that was not roasted. The ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition activity of non-roasted Momordica charantia ethanol extracts was higher than that of water extracts, showing that there were increasing pattern depending on the increases in the phenolics concentration of Momordica charantia. The texture, such as hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness and color changed in proportion to the concentration of Momordica charantia powder. Moreover sensory characteristics, such as color, flavor, taste, texture and overall acceptability of the non-roasted sample changed in proportion to the concentration of Momordica charantia powder. However, in the roasted sample, the sensory characteristics was improved at a lower concentration (below 1%). Thus, when the yanggang was prepared by Momordica charantia powder as a minor ingredient, it would be desirable to add it after roasting, in consideration of its functional and sensory properties, and at appropriate concentration on below 1%.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.206-214
• /
• 2017

The objective of this study is to investigate the quality characteristics of Yanggaeng by using the functional properties of Glechoma hederacea (GH). Sample was dried at $50^{\circ}C$ dry oven. The results of the study were as follows : The Phenolic compounds of GH was $12.99{\pm}0.3mg/g$ in water extract (GHWE), $3.14{\pm}0.07mg/g$ in 70% ethanol extract (GHEE). The antioxidant activity of GH was determined in various phenolic concentrations at $50-200{\mu}g/mL$. DPPH activities of GHWE and GHEE were 77.16-78.24% and 73.04-77.00%, respectively. The ABTS were 84.35-99.75% and 83.74-99.55%. The anti-oxidant protection factor (PF) were 1.54-1.62 PF and 1.62-2.09 PF and TBARS were 42.93-94.09% and 91.05-95.19%, respectively. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity of GHEE increased concentration dependently. Hyaluronidase inhibition activity of GHEE and GHWE, showing that there were increasing pattern depending on the increases in the phenolics concentration of GH. In texture, Hardness and springiness were significantly different in the control and 2% groups, but cohesiveness and chewiness did not show any significant difference. In color, L value decreased in proportion to concentration, and a and b values did not change. Sensory characteristics showed that the 1% group had the highest score and the 2% group had the lowest score. Thus, when the GHP Yanggaeng was prepared, in consideration of its sensory characteristics, and at appropriate concentration on below 1%.