• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.1-38
• /
• 2021

The paper examines the role of the informal sector on innovation activities of urban formal manufacturing enterprises in India. It provides empirical evidence on firm-level linkages between formal and informal sectors by using the World Bank Enterprise Survey, 2013-14 and the Innovation Follow-up survey, 2014. Primarily, the paper aims to examine the effect of informal sector competition on innovation in urban formal manufacturing enterprises in India. Secondly, the paper analyses the mediation effect of informal sector competition on innovations in the urban manufacturing enterprises. It determines the direct and indirect influence of business regulations and constraints on innovation outcomes through the mediation effect of informal sector competition by using the SEM "Structural Equation Modeling" guidelines. The econometric results show that informal sector competition has a negative effect on the introduction of product innovations while industry-level informal sector competition has a positive effect on product innovation through the local knowledge spillovers from the informal to the formal sector. However, the informal sector competition was found to have no significant effect on the probability of introducing process innovations. Further, the results show the inhibitive role of informal sector competition on innovation in urban formal manufacturing enterprises is more severe for firms with heavy regulatory burdens and is relatively weakened in firms with resource constraints. This suggests that the informal sector plays an important role in the NIS (National Innovation System) in India.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
• /
• 제20권5호
• /
• pp.31-41
• /
• 2019

The purpose of this study is to investigate the participation of vocational training program of construction engineers and the impact of workplace learning (formal learning and informal learning) on human resource performances of construction engineers. The data of 306 construction engineers were extracted from 10,069 workers in various industries those were collected by 6th human resource company panel survey done by Korea Research Institute of Vocational Education & Training. This study found that, compared with workers in other industries, participation rate of construction engineers in workplace learning (formal learning, informal learning) was relatively low, and especially the participation rate of informal learning was significantly low. Regression analysis showed that participation in formal learning did not affect positive job performance and job satisfaction. On the other hand, informal learning has a positive effect on job capability, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.209-215
• /
• 2022

This study aims to analyze the livelihood resources and income diversification of informal recyclers in the Mekong River Delta (MRD). The multiple linear regression model was applied to determine income diversification and total household income with the sustainable livelihood analysis framework developed by the United Kingdom Department for International Development (2000), including human resources, physical resources, natural resources, financial resources, and social resources. The results indicated that up to 25% of itinerant waste buyers worked on average more than 7.3 hours/day, which was higher than the urban near-poor level regulated by the Vietnam government. The results of the regression model revealed that total households' income was affected by the factors of health status, gender, urban location type 1, the amount of potential savings, and informal credit participation, while the factors of health status, urban location, the amount of potential savings, and informal credit participation have the effect of diversifying farm household income. Thus, if the informal waste recycling sector is supported and regulated by proper government management, it will not only help poor households diversify their income, but it will also help poor households diversify their income, particularly women's income, which is vulnerable and lower than male income in the MRD.

• Knowledge Management Research
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.129-147
• /
• 2015

Building on previous literature of human resource management and development, this paper investigates the effect of various characteristics of informal education a firm offers on employees' individual creativity. we identify quantity, quality, and variety as three critical components of informal educational and training circumstances. Data from a multi-informant survey conducted to 442 employees in Korean postal service show that a firm's informal educational training has significant effects on its employee creativity. The results indicate that enough high quality of program, various training method have a positive relationship with his/her individual creativity although time and opportunity don't have an critical impact on employee creativity. This study highlights the importance of a firm's informal education in terms of motivation and skills, and helps to explain individual discrepancies in creativity.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.70-84
• /
• 2019

Purposes: Despite a lot of prior studies on psychological empowerment on positive outcomes, the objectives of this paper were to examine the role of psychological empowerment on informal learning and the mediation role of informal learning between psychological empowerment and outcome variables focused upon physical therapists working in hospital industry. Methodology: Using survey methods, the data were collected from 198 physical therapists who have worked in Ulsan city and attended in annual meeting. Findings: Results showed that psychological empowerment predicted informal learning positively but differences in mediational mechanism. Specifically, the path between psychological empowerment and proactive behavior partially mediated but no mediating effect between psychological empowerment and helping behavior. This study identified the main role of psychological empowerment on informal learning, and it expands on positive functions of the concept to learning area in organizations. The other results help advanced understanding of differential mechanism through informal learning in the process between psychological empowerment and both outcomes. Practical Implications: The current study contributes to expend the area of prior findings on psychological empowerment to learning activities implemented by individual volunteer effort. For hospitals operating the teams of physical therapy, the significance for considering psychological empowerment is highlighted as for individual growth related to job and for change behavior in the individual level.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
• /
• 제27권6호
• /
• pp.519-528
• /
• 2007

Although science continues to be a key subject in the education of the majority of young people throughout the world, it is becoming increasingly clear that school science is failing to win the hearts and minds of many of today's younger generation. Researchers have begun to look at ways in which the learning that takes place in museums, science centres and other informal settings can add value to science learning in schools. Four case studies are used to illustrate the potential afforded by informal contexts to research aspects of science learning. The case studies involve: the European Union PENCIL (Permanent European Resource Centre for Informal Learning) project (a network of 14 museums and science centres working with schools to enhance learning in maths and science); a large natural history museum in England; the Tate Modernart gallery in London, and the Outdoor Classroom Action Research Project which involved researchers working in school grounds, field centres and farms. The range of research questions that were asked are examined as are the methodological approaches taken and the methods used to collect and analyse data. Lessons learned from the studies about research in the informal contexts are discussed critically.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
• /
• 제24권3호
• /
• pp.61-74
• /
• 2022

In a rapidly changing environment, it is essential for companies to develop their capabilities for sustainable growth. To this end, informal learning at work plays an important role for small and medium-sized enterprises that are having difficulties in human resource development. If the GRIT of workers and the spiritual leadership of leaders are maintained at an appropriate level, the effect of informal learning will increase. This study derived the following results through a survey of workers participating in the Work-learning Dual System in Korea. First, experience and feedback among informal learning activities have a significant positive effect on competency development. Second, the higher the level of the GRIT of workers, the greater the magnitude of the positive effect of experience and feedback on competency development, showing a positive moderating effect. Third, in the case of workers with high GRIT, capacity development is strengthened as experience or feedback increases, and the higher the level of spiritual leadership, the greater the scope of reinforcement. On the other hand, it can be seen that in the case of workers with low GRIT, competency development weakens as experience or feedback increases, and the higher the level of spiritual leadership, the greater the extent of the weakening.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.74-81
• /
• 2019

Upcycling generally refers to the conversion of waste materials to something useful or valuable and is a useful concept that can be applied not only to the waste design industry but also to waste recycling and resource circulation. Our study highlights upcycling as the key concept for improving the value of waste by redefining the concept as "the recycling of waste materials and discarded products in ways that enhance their value." Four upcycling strategies are linked to material flow analyses conducted on waste electronic and electrical equipment, specifically waste refrigerators and waste computers, to examine the technologies available for implementation and suggest guidelines for the promotion of upcycling. The amount of waste refrigerators collected by the formal sector was 121,642 tons/y and the informal sector, 63,823 tons/y. The current recycling ratio of waste refrigerators was estimated as 88.53%. A total of 7,585 tons/y of waste computers were collected by the formal sector and 3,807 tons/y by the informal sector after discharge. Meanwhile, the current recycling ratio of waste computers was estimated as 77.43%. We found that it is possible to introduce 28 upcycling technologies in the case of refrigerators, and 15 technologies are available to promote upcycling in the case of computers. By refining the broad concept of upcycling and looking at the stages of material flow, our approach presents universally applicable directions for incorporating upcycling in resource recovery and recirculation plans.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.43-54
• /
• 2021

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of perceived care-related burden and social support on life satisfaction and the moderating effect of social support from elderly spouses caring for their elderly partners with dementia. The subjects were 165 spouses aged over 60 years, caring for their elderly partners afflicted with dementia, and living in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. The analysis results are as follows: First, the quantified total care-related burden shouldered by the participant spouses was 3.76 points (SD = .57), which was slightly higher than the median value. In the case of social support, informal support was scored 2.65 (SD = .78), and formal support was scored 2.60 (SD = .77), which was lower than the median value. Life satisfaction earned a score of 3.11 points (SD = .78), which somewhat exceeded the median. Second, subjective health status, income level, burden from social activity, and informal support influenced life satisfaction. Put differently, the higher the subjective health status of a caring spouse, the higher the income level, the lower the social activity burden, the stronger the informal support, and the greater the life satisfaction. Third, the interaction terms of social activity burden and informal support were significant. Therefore, informal support had a moderating effect on the relationship between social activity burden and life satisfaction among the elderly with dementia. In other words, even though the caring spouses experienced a burden from social activities, the higher the frequency with which they accessed informal support, the lower the decrease in life satisfaction.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.21-39
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate service support programs for the work-family balance in the community. Service support programs in the community are at beginning stages of development, because it has taken about 10 years to put a self-governing system into practice in Korea. This study concentrates on service support programs developed by various service organizations in the city and does not include any rural districts. First, the developmental process of the work-family balance model and type of the service support program in the community were studied. Next, the situation of care service support was examined based on written articles. Finally, a few suggestions were made f3r work-family balance in the community. The developmental situation of work-flmily balance in Korea is in a stage which is shifting from the company-leading model to a family-company-community model. The most common type of service support program offered in the community until now has been the informal sector through relatives, neighbors or friends. However, service support programs, in the public sector by the government and in the voluntary sector by nonprofit organizations and corporations, has rapidly been growing and the number of services from each sector has also increased. Profit organizations in the private sector, such as medical and care service centers, are also now rapidly increasing. It appears that service support programs contributing to the work-family balance in the community come from a number of sectors, including public, voluntary, private and informal sectors, to suit consumer needs.