• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.87-116
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• 2014

This article focuses on synthetic hormone consumption that illegal act of heterogeneous forms of pharmaceuticalization. Athletes are not unfamiliar with the use of synthetic hormones that contain anabolic steroids. Synthetic hormones are used to increase muscle mass and strength. This drug use practice cannot simply be viewed as illegal. Athletes accumulate knowledge on these hormones that conflicts with the knowledge proffered by physicians and they consume drugs responsibly. Physicians' knowledge of these hormones is limited to their use in the treatment of abnormalities. Athletes, however, are expanding the role of these hormones to include their potential for enhancement. Thereby, a new value is assigned to synthetic hormones, and an informal market is formed. Previous studies in the fields of biopolitics and biomedicalization have mainly focused on the formal connection between biomedical science and the institutional network. This article, therefore, analyzes the informal and the various aspects of biomedicalization.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.584-593
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• 2018

The startup, which is a common noun to start a small business, has been recently one of main targets for policymakers due to its important role for job creation and considerable potential for sustainability of an economy. However, technological entrepreneurship decreased by 5.0% p from 2013 to 2016. The revitalization of entrepreneurial investment promoted by the government is mainly supported in fruitable venture companies at grow stage or 2~3 years before IPO through venture capital firms and angel funds. It is far from an investment at start-up. It is therefore necessary to motivate private investment to be active in the private start-up sector. In addition, the start-up investment requires institutional support and government support to meet the expectations of investors about the possibility of payback and profitability of private investment invested in the founding period. As a small entrepreneur at a comparably early stage in the lifecycle of business, investments for the startup are generally made by informal investors such as family, friends and fools, and their decision making processes are relatively non-programmed compared with ones for listed corporales such as venture capital and angel fund agency. This study focuses on analyzing decision making factors in investment, and verifying an impact of such factors, specifically the possibility of investment payback and investment profitability, in a decision-making process for the startup especially at the very early stage.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.67 no.4
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• pp.279-299
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• 2015

This study examines the impact of Long-Term Care Insurance(LTCI) on family caregivers(especially focused on female household members) labor supply in South Korea. When public care and informal care are substitutes, LTCI will change allocation of time of family caregivers to spend more time to paid work. The impact of LTCI on labor supply depends on each country's institutional level of public care services. If public care can not substitute for informal care, labor supply of family caregivers will not rise significantly. The conclusions of vigorous empirical study from western countries' are incompatible and problem of endogeneity in terms of methodology has been raised consistently. The dataset of this study are used the third and ninth waves of Korea Welfare Panel. As a result, the introduction of LTCI had no effect on labor supply of household members. Robust findings suggest the positive effects of caregiving on labor market outcomes in simple comparison t-test, but not in fixed-effect regression. Compared with western countries, South Korea's public care services can be interpreted as a supplement to only part that remained at the level does not substitute informal care. These findings may suggest that if LTCI become much more prevalent in the future, senior citizens and family members will be able to choose the LTCI arrangement that best suits their needs.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.54
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• pp.321-345
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• 2003

Aggregate income stability depends heavily on labor market institutions that stabilize or de-stabilize earnings. But, with the expansion of sate welfare programmes, public income transfers are also important sources of income stability for individual and families. Moreover, income stability is determinant factor of individual and family well being, there are another strategies of income stability in society. Family-based and community-based strategies are particularly important. Accordingly, the distribution of income stability in a given society depends on such institutional arrangements as market, family, state, and community. The purpose of this study is to analyse the income stabilizing role of family, state, and community. I found that stabilizing effect of the family and community was very strong in Korea. When institutional features of labor market and the state leave individuals exposed to market risk, they may be respond by relying more on family-based or community-based strategies of income stabilization. But, I can't deny the possibility of an inadequacy of these strategies in according to the rapid changes of family structures and informal networks. Therefore, state-based strategies of income stabilization should be more strengthened in Korea.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.61-86
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• 2022

This paper analyzes the technology transfer mechanism of companies clustered in a specific economic space from the perspective of absorptive capacity, taking the Daegu automotive parts industry as an example. According to the analysis results, The absorptive capacity of a company was found to be positively related to the supplier, channel, method, and institutional interaction of technology transfer. Low absorptive capacity limits technology transfer by reducing companies' technology search capabilities, while high absorptive capacity gives companies access to technology search and various technology transfer opportunities through formal and informal channels. These results suggest that, in the short term, it is necessary to supplement the search capabilities of companies through preemptive visiting services of local intermediaries for the vitalization of regional technology transfer, while in the long term, a policy approach focusing on enhancing the absorptive capacity of local companies is required. For effective implementation of these policies, a multi-layered governance approach corresponding to each level of companies' absorptive capacities is required in establishing an interface structure that promotes linkage between institutional actors.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.104-122
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• 2010

Long-term care insurance has been introduced in Korea a year ago, and we are in a stage requiring to set principles regarding the generosity of coverage and how to gradually extend the coverage. This study empirically analyzes how the long-term care insurance in Korea is operated. Special attention is given to who is the main beneficiary of the long-term care insurance introduction, and what is the factors influencing the elderly's decision to apply for or use long-term care services. Use of a detailed information of individuals' public health insurance and long-term care insurance from administration data made it possible to control for health status, socioeconomic status including family type, housing tenure, income level. Logit models were employed to analyze the effects of various socioeconomic factors on the likelihood of applying and using long-term care services. Also, this study employed a survey questioning whether to ever willing to take other option as a alternative to residential care or home-care and the level of cash benefit for which they are willing to replace the formal care with informal care. The result indicated that although the poorest elderly population groups are in the greatest need for the long-term care service, they are in difficulty using the service due to economic burden. This implies the copayment amount needs to be adjusted in order for the poor elderly group to be able to get the benefit of the long-term care service.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.267-275
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• 2021

This study investigates the relationship between cultural distance and entry mode choice, where the foreign investor firm and the host country are both from emergent economies. Within this framework, research is limited and the issue is whether companies, regardless of their specific situations, have the same strategy when they meet a high degree of uncertainty in the host environment. In this study, we focused on the influence of informal institutional factors: cultural distance, that has been extensively analyzed in international business, measured by Kogut and Singh index and defined according to Hofstede, Globe Project and Schwartz approaches. The general trend derived from prior research proves that when a company from a developed country is involved; overall more enthusiasm is shown for wholly-owned subsidiaries rather than joint venture. This result still stands validated for corporations from this emergent economy area. Our analysis of a sample of 163 FDI in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) using logistic binary regression model reveals that the foreign firms prefer to establish wholly-owned subsidiaries in the host country over entering into a joint venture with a local firm, taking into consideration the large cultural distance.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.421-437
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• 2009

China has transformed her strategies for economic development from exogenous development founded on foreign capitals to endogenous development based on enhancing technology innovation capabilities since 2000. More specifically, Chinese business activities have coupled with new institutional settings which enable them to facilitate advanced technology and management methods. As a result, the characteristics of the spatial economy in China are likely to transfer from export-led developmental space to technology-oriented developmental space. In this context, this paper aims to identify the characteristics of technology-oriented space by investigating intra-, inter- and extra-firms relations of Korean FDI firms in Shanghai, China. In terms of intra-firm relations, Korean FDI firms adopted strategies for maximizing business efficiency and effectiveness by transforming their personal networks into formal networks. In terms of inter-firm relations, the distinction of Korean FDI firms' networks has been found in accordance with firm size, industrial sectors, ways of investment etc. Finally, Korean FDI firms has formal networks resulted from institutional involvement, as well as informal (personal) networks based on guanxi (inter-personal relations) in extra-firm relations. Therefore, two types of processes affecting the networks and institutional legacies of the Soviet system can be identified. First is the interaction of institutions and restructuring of pre-existing networks. Second is the insulated institutions and endurance of preexisting networks. And these two governance types have created regional economies which are embedded and over-embedded.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.293-321
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• 2012

This study aims to examine how institutions has been formed to deepen interdependence and to keep check in trade on the border regions of East Sea Rim between the macro structure and micro behaviors. The transitional nations such as China, Russia, and North Korea adjacent to the East Sea Rim exhibits unique characteristics in terms of transaction governance structure. While the regional economy in northeast China is still overwhelmed by the stated-owned enterprises(SOEs), it strongly encourages the private economic trade to form institutional economy through the border trade port and peddler trade market. Thus trade is shaped by the mixed governance. In far east Russia, whereas the SOEs are in charge of exporting oil, gas etc., private firms and small scale traders are importing household items, so that it can also be called as the mixed governance, while informal social networks simultaneously work. In North Korea, for the trade, since the firms are mainly required to have the permits from the different levels of government, it is regarded as the hierarchical governance. The institutional economics seems to well explain the changing agencies and their influence on the trade among the regions in the East Sea Rim.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.69-86
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• 2012

Collaboration between teacher librarians and parents is one of the very important elements for school library management in characteristics of learning communities and expanding its' administration. These partnerships are necessary to relieve stress and risk conditions and improve ego-resilience of students. This study analyzed cases of student guidance within the partnerships between teacher librarians and parents and then inquired into formal or informal communication channels for their partnerships through written interview with 10 teacher librarians. The results of analyses teacher librarians have appreciated the necessity of collaboration with parents, and they have experienced student guidance, career guidance, reader's advisory and balancing acts between classroom teachers and parents. It turns out that reading programs with parents are formal communication channel rather than institutional committee such as School Library Council and Parents' Library-Assisting Volunteers and Parent Association and Training in the school library are informal communication channels. The teacher librarians also provide periodic reading events and training for parents and they utilize the School Homepage and Educational Newsletters as the main ways of public relation. In order to promote students' ego-resilience through their collaboration, parents should involve in School Library Council as an essential way for formal communication. And parents' role in school library management should be expanded from offering helping hands to activities to read book, library instruction, assisting teacher librarians in the Library-Assisted Instruction and production of teaching mediums.