• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.270-281
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• 2019

Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of the magnesium (Mg)-enriched formula vs. control formula in constipated infants. Methods: An open-label, interventional, and the comparator-controlled study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the Mg-enriched formula in formula-fed infants ${\leq}6$ months old presenting with functional constipation according to modified Rome IV criteria. Infants were randomized 1:1 to intervention or control formula for 30 days. Parents recorded stool consistency (hard, normal, or watery) and frequency on days 1-7 and 23-29. Physicians recorded patient baseline characteristics and performed the clinical examination at the time of three patient visits (baseline, day 8, and 30). Results: Of the 286 recruited infants, 143 received the Mg-rich formula and 142 received the control formula. After 7 days, significantly more infants had stools with normal consistency with the Mg-rich formula compared to the infants fed with the control formula (81.8% vs. 41.1%; p<0.001). The number of infants passing one or more stools per day was increased at day 7 in the Mg-rich formula group (86.7% vs. 68.2%; p<0.001). At days 7 and 29, >25% of infants responded completely to the Mg-rich formula compared to <5% of infants fed with the control formula (p<0.001). Parents of infants in the Mg-rich formula group were very satisfied with the treatment (80.8% vs. 10.2%), with the majority willing to continue treatment after 30 days (97.9% vs. 52.6%; p<0.001). Conclusion: The Mg-rich formula significantly improved stool consistency and frequency compared to the control formula in constipated infants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.315-326
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• 1995

This study was performed to find variables which affect oral health care of infants. The subjects were 439 infants and their mothers who live in suburban area. Oral examinations for the infants were conducted and the questionnairs were given to infants' mothers. Toothbrushing frequency, oral hygiene score, the percentage of filled teeth among decayed teeth, and dental treatment experience of infants were used as dependent variable, respectively. Demographic, socio-economic variables and the other variables which might affect oral health care of infants were used as independent variables. Correlation analysis and analysis of variance were used for the independent variables of toothbrushing frequency, oral hygiene score, and the percentage of filled teeth among decayed teeth of infant. Chi-Square and Student's t-test were used for the dependent variables of dental treatment experience of infant. The obtained results were as follows; 1. Toothbrushing frequency of mother and internal locus of oral control of mother were the factors which affect toothbrusing frequency of infants. 2. Oral health belief of mother was the factor which affect oral hygiene score of infants. 3. Age of infant was the factor which affect the percentage of filled teeth among decayed teeth. 4. Age of infant and educational level of infant's mother were the factors which affect the infants' consumption of dental treatment.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 1970

For the purpose to clarify the effects of the mothers health during pregnancy on the weight and length of the newborn infants, this study was carried out on 500 new born infants delivered at St, Mary's Hospital, Ewha Woman's University Hospital and Red Cross Hospital in Seoul during the eight-month period from March, 1969 to October, 1969. In this study, the relationship between the T weight and length of the new born infants, and in each case, the weight, length, age, duration of labour, duration of pregnancy, weight gain during pregnancy and diets level during pregnancy of the mother were observed. The relationship between the weight and length of the new born infants and the parity n-as also observed. The results obtained in this study were as follows. 1. The weight of new born infants of both sexes was significantly correlated with the parity, the weight of the mother, and the duration of labour of the primipara. The weight of the mother and the duration of pregnancy were significantly correlated with the weight of the male new born infants only, and the weight of the new born infants and the weight gain of the mother during pregnancy were significantly correlated in the female new born infants. 2. In general, the weight of the new born infants of well or excellently nourished mothers were heavier than those of poorly nourished ones. 3. The length of the new born infants was significantly correlated mother the duration of labour in the primipara.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.121-131
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• 2002

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the characteristics of receptive and expressive language development of cleft palate infants aged under 3. Twenty-six cleft palate infants and 52 normal infants were grouped into 3 chronological age groups with 1 year intervals: less than 1, 1, and 2 years old. The cleft palate infants were divided into 2 groups: cleft palate only, and cleft lip & palate. Each mother of the infants was asked to complete the questionnaire, Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (SELSI). Receptive and Expressive language scores of SELSI were computed. The scores of receptive and expressive language were respectively analyzed into 4 categories of language: phonology/prosody, semantics, syntax, and pragmatics. The results, concerning the differences of language development between the cleft palate and the normal infants, were as follows: (1) expressive language scores were significantly different at age 2 between the cleft palate and the normal infants; (2) cleft plate groups aged less than 1 and 1 showed lower scores of phonology/prosody of expressive language than the normal groups; (3) cleft palate group aged 2 showed lower scores than the normal group in semantics, syntax, and pragmatics. The results, concerning the characteristics of language development between the cleft palate only and the cleft lip & palate infants, were as follows: (1) the scores of expressive and receptive language were not statistically different between the 2 groups; (2) both groups did not show any difference in .the scores of phonology/ prosody, semantics, syntax, and pragmatics of receptive and expressive language.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.47-60
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• 1996

This study was carried out to investigate growth performance, energy and protein metabolism of breast and formula fed infants from birth to 3 months postpartum. There were four groups : breast fed(BF) and three formula fed groups(FFM, FFN and FFP). There was no significant difference in the height of infants according to feeding method and formula brands. However, mean weight of FFM was significantly higher than that of FFP and BF at 1 and 3 months postpartum, respectively. Mean head circumference of FFN was lowest among groups. The average intake of breast milk was $781.4{\;}{pm}{\;}119.3m{\ell}/day$ and that of formula was $848.6{\;}{pm}{\;}118.5m{\ell}/day$. Mean apparent digestible energy intakes of formula-fed infants and breast-fed infants during 3months were 568.9 $\pm$146.9 kca1/day and 657.9$\pm$212.8 kca1/day, respectively. The average protein intake of brest-fed and formula-fed infants were 8.3$\pm$1.6g/day and 14.1$\pm$14.1 g/day, respectively. The protein intakes of formula-fed infants were significantly higher than those of breast-fed infants at 1, 2, 3 months. The apparent protein digestibility of breast-fed infants was singnificantly higher compared to formula fed infant. These data suggest that RDA for infants be established and breast feeding be encouraged.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.743-748
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• 2003

This study was longitudinally conducted to evaluate vitamin A intake of exclusively breast-fed infants compared with the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Korean infants. Twenty-seven Korean lactating women and their infants during the first 6 months of lactation in Cheongju and Anseong areas were participated. Retinol and $\beta$-carotene contents in the milk were determined using HPLC and also the milk consumption of the infants was measured by the test-weighing methods. Vitamin A (retinol and $\beta$-carotene) contents of the milk were 65.7, 57.2, 48.1, 43.9, 38.2, 38.7 and 44.0 R.E./100 ml, and vitamin A intakes of the breast-fed infants were 361, 402, 348, 331, 304, 305 and 322 R.E./day at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 month of lactation, respectively. The average intake of vitamin A was 339.1 R.E./day and the percentage to RDA was 96.9% during 6 months. Vitamin A intakes per body weight of the breast-fed infants were 96.7, 88.3, 62.1, 50.0, 41.8, 39.3 and 39.6 R.E./kg/day at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 month. The body weight increased normally from 3.4 $\pm$ 0.5 kg at birth during lactation. It is suggested that the breast-fed infants in Cheongju and Anseong areas consumed adequately vitamin A from the milk compared with RDA for Korean infants.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.1433-1439
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the vitamin A intake of exclusively breast-fed infants and to compare the value with the Recommended Dietary Allollwances(BDA) for Korean infants. We examined retinol and ${\beta}$-carotene contents of breast milk in 32 lactating women by HPLC analysis and also the consumed volume of the milk of their infants by the test-weighing method during the first 5 months of lactation. Total vitamin A contents of the milk shelved 67.3, 56.5, 51.2, 45.2, 39.0 and 34.lR.E./100m1 at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 months of lactation respectively. Vitamin A intake of breast-fed infants were 320, 371, 368, 325, 292 and 251R.E/day during the five-month nursing period. Vitamin A intake per body weight of breast-fed infants was measured at 86.4, 79.8, 63.6, 49.1, 40.0 and 31.9R.E/kg/day. Body weight gain of infants was not affected by the vitamin A intake from the milk during the lactation. We conclude that breast-fed infants most likely receives vitamin A from the milk adequately compared with the RDA for Korean infants. (Korean J Nutrition 31(9) : 1433-1439, 1998)

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.87-103
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• 2020

Objective: This study controlled the SES(Socio Economic Status) in order to compare the influence of infants' nonverbal communication ability and teachers' sensitivity on the infants' adjustment to child care centers. Methods: For this study, data was collected 115 mothers with one-year-olds'(58 boys, 57 girls) and from 115 teachers from fourty-eight child care centers located in Seoul and Gyeonggi Provincet data. The collected data were analyzed by correlation analysis, hierarchical multiple regression analysis using the SPSS 23.0 program. The results of this study are as follows. Results: First, infants' adjustment to child care centers showed a statistically significant relationship with infants' nonverbal communication ability and teachers' sensitivity. Second, among the variables explaining infants' adjustment to child care centers, the effect of teachers' sensitivity was higher than the effect of infants' nonverbal communication ability. Conclusion/Implications: This study confirmed that teachers' sensitivity is a strong factor explaining infants' adjustment to child care centers. We also emphasized the importance of the role of teachers, providing basic data on the development of education for child care teachers and education for improving sensitivity.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.613-622
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate infants' development, parenting characteristics, and the infants' daily routines by monthly family income, and examine variables related to infants' development. The 2010 data of the panel study on Koreans were used. The sample for this analysis was 1,802 children aged 21-23 months and their parents. The data were analyzed with ANOVA, Pearson's correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis with SPSS version 18.0. The results were as follows: First, the development of infants differed by the family income. Infants' communication and problem solving skills in families with an income at the 25th percentile or below was lower than those above the 25th percentile. Second, parenting characteristics differed by family income. In the lower income group, the mother's parenting stress was highest, but the father's parenting time on weekends was lowest. Third, the most frequent activity of infants differed by family income. Playing with friends or caregivers was lowest, but watching TV and videos was highest in the lower income family group. Fourth, there was a relation among infants' development (communication and fine motor skills) and parenting characteristics (mother's parenting style, stress, and father's parenting time on weekends), and the infants' daily routines (playing with friends or caregivers). Fine motor development was affected by playing with a caregiver.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.173-191
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• 1991

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between infants' crying associated with their temperament and mothers' subjective responses to their crying. The subjects were 212 mothers and their 4- to 8-month-old infants living in Seoul, Korea. RITQ and EASI were administered to mothers. Mothers' perceptions of tape recordings of infants' crying were recorded. The data were analyzed by t-test and ${\chi}^2$ test. The main results were that (1) infant's temperament could be divided into five groups: the easy, the intermediate-low, the intermediate-high, the difficult, and the slow-to-warm up infant groups. The more negatively emotional and impulsive the mother's temperament, the more difficult was the infant's temperament. (2)The crying of the difficult infants was perceived more as an indication of major physical discomfort than that of the easy infants. (3)Both mothers of difficult and mothers of easy infants displayed differences in maternal interventions by type of infant cries: cries of difficult infants elicited more maternal intervention of "soothing" or "picking up" than those of easy infants. On the other hand, cries of easy infants elicited more maternal intervention of "playing with toy" and "leaving him alone, if possible" than those of difficult infants.