• Title/Summary/Keyword: indoor and outdoor

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Calibration of the Pyranometer Sensitivity Using the Integrating Sphere

  • Kim, Bu-Yo;Lee, Kyu-Tae;Zo, Il-Sung;Lee, Sang-Ho;Jung, Hyun-Seok;Rim, Se-Hun;Jang, Jeong-Pil
    • Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences
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    • v.54 no.4
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    • pp.639-648
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    • 2018
  • The pyranometer for observing the solar radiation reaching the surface of the earth is manufactured by various companies around the world. The sensitivity of the pyranometer at the observatory is required to be properly controlled based on the reference value of the World Radiometric Center (WRC) and the observatory environment; otherwise, the observational data may be subject to a large error. Since the sensitivity of the pyranometer can be calibrated in an indoor or outdoor calibration, this study used a CSTMUSS-4000C Integrating Sphere by Labsphere Inc. (USA) to calibrate the sensitivity of CMP22 pyranometer by Kipp&Zonen Inc. (Netherlands). Consequently, the factory sensitivity of CMP22 was corrected from $8.68{\mu}V{\cdot}(Wm^{-2})^{-1}$ to $8.98{\mu}V{\cdot}(Wm^{-2})^{-1}$, and the result from the outdoor calibration according to the observatory environment was $8.90{\mu}V{\cdot}(Wm^{-2})^{-1}$. After the indoor calibration of the pyranometer sensitivity, the root mean square error (RMSE) of the observational data at the observatory on a clear day without clouds (July 13, 2017) was $7.11Wm^{-2}$ in comparison to the reference pyranometer. After the outdoor calibration of the pyranometer sensitivity based on these results, the RMSE of the observational data was $1.74Wm^{-2}$ on the same day. Periodic inspections are required because the decrease of sensitivity over time is inevitable in the pyranometer data produced at the observatory. The initial sensitivity after indoor calibration ($8.98{\mu}V{\cdot}(Wm^{-2})^{-1}$) is important, and the sensitivity after outdoor calibration ($8.90{\mu}V{\cdot}(Wm^{-2})^{-1})$ can be compared to the data at the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) or can be used for various studies and daily applications.

Assessment of indoor air micro-flora in selected schools

  • Katiyar, Vinita
    • Advances in environmental research
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    • v.2 no.1
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    • pp.61-80
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    • 2013
  • Quantification of viable forms of microbial community (bacteria and fungi) using culture-dependent methods was done in order to characterize the indoor air quality (IAQ). Role of those factors, which may influence the concentration of viable counts of bacteria and fungi, like ventilation, occupancy, outdoor concentration and environmental parameters (temperature and relative humidity) were also determined. Volumetric-infiltration sampling technique was employed to collect air samples both inside and outside the schools. As regard of measurements of airborne viable culturable microflora of schools during one academic year, the level of TVMCs in school buildings was ranged between 803-5368 cfu/$m^3$. Viable counts of bacteria (VBCs) were constituted 63.7% of the mean total viable microbial counts where as viable counts of fungi (VFCs) formed 36.3% of the total. Mean a total viable microbial count (TVMCs) in three schools was 2491 cfu/$m^3$. Outdoor level of TVMCs was varied from 736-5855 cfu/$m^3$. Maximum and minimum VBCs were 3678-286 cfu/m3 respectively. Culturable fungal counts were ranged from 268-2089 cfu/$m^3$ in three schools. Significant positive correlation (p < 0.01) was indicated that indoor concentration of viable community reliant upon outdoor concentration. Temperature seemed to have a large effect (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) on the concentration of viable culturable microbial community rather than relative humidity. Consistent with the analysis and findings, the concentration of viable cultural counts of bacteria and fungi found indoors, were of several orders of magnitude, depending upon the potential of local, spatial and temporal factors, IO ratio appeared as a crucial indicator to identify the source of microbial contaminants.

Breeding of Major Characteristics of the Wild Silkmoth, Antheraea yamamai indoor-and outdoor-reared (실내외 사육에 의한 천잠 우량계통 육성)

  • Yoon, Hyung-Joo;Kang, Pil-Don;Kim, Sam-Eun;Lee, Sang-Mong
    • Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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    • v.48 no.2
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    • pp.61-67
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    • 2006
  • We investigated fertilization rate, hatchability rate, pupation rate and cocoon quality etc to selecting good characteristics of the wild silkmoth, Antheraea yamamai using method of indoor-and outdoor-rearing. As results of indoor rearing, the healthiness of A. yamamai was better in light green colour strain than that of dark green colour strain, but cocoon quality was better in dark green colour strain. There was a little effect to selecting major characteristics in grade of A, B and C strain classified with cocoon weight. $F_1$ hybrid was lower in fertilization rate and hatchability rate than parent, but higher in pupation rate and cocoon quality. There was no effect of heterosis in $F_2$ hybrid. In case of outdoor rearing, mortality rate was lower than that of indoor rearing but missing larva was higher. In addition, outdoor rearing is higher that indoor rearing in cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight and cocoon shell rate.

Indoor and Outdoor Distribution of Legionella spp and Microbes on Cooling Towers Water of Central Air Conditioning Facilites (중앙집중식 냉방시설의 냉각탑수중 레지오넬라균과 실내외 미생물 분포에 관한 연구)

  • 방선재;이철민;김윤신;선우영
    • Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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    • v.28 no.3
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    • pp.39-48
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    • 2002
  • Cooling towers water has frequently been known as a source of infection in outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease and a source of indoor air pollution. However, there have been a few reports on the presence of Legionella in cooling towers water and aerosols of various public facilities. This study was carried out to investigate the indoor and outdoor dis-tribution of Legionella spp and microbe from 132 cooling towers water of public facilities detected 1. pneumophila in Seoul and Gyeonggi-Do areas. The results showed that the Lpneumophila among the selected 132 cooling towers was detected mostly in July (12.0%), followed by August (4.0%) and June, September no-detected. The 1. pneumophiia in public facilities was detected mostly in department store (27.3%), followed by hospital (8.7%), office building (5.9%), big market (5.0%) and hotel, subway no-detected. The pH values of cooling towers water with presence of 1. pneumophila showed mostly 8.0 or higher (9.5%), followed by 7.0~8.0 (6.8%), lower 7.0 no-detected. The tem-perature of cooling towers water with presence of L pnemophila showed mostly 30℃ or higher (9.8%), followed by 26~30℃ (6.9%), lower 25℃ no-detected. The turbidity of cooling towers water with presence of 1. pneumaphila showed mostly 1-2 M (8.8%), followed by above 2 NTU (5.9%), lower 1 NTU no-detected. The correlation coef-ficient between indoor and outdoor concentration of microbes in public facilities showed 0.67 in Legionella spy. (p>0.05), 0.93 in bacteria (p<0.01), 0.94 in fungus (p<0.01), 0.98 in coilform (p<0.01), respectively.

Correlation on Compressor Discharge Temperature of System A/C using PWM Compressor in Heating Mode (PWM 압축기를 이용한 시스템에어컨의 난방운전 시 압축기 토출온도 상관식)

  • Lee, S.H.;Kwon, Y.C.;Chang, K.S.;Heo, S.H.;Kim, D.H.;Youn, B.
    • Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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    • 2006.06a
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    • pp.1095-1100
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    • 2006
  • An experimental study has been performed to investigate the correlation on compressor discharge temperature of system A/C in heating mode. Indoor and outdoor temperatures, the heating capacity, compressor discharge temperature and loading time are measured by the psychrometric calorimeter. The system is controlled by applying the scroll compressor, which Is operated by PWM valve and loading duty. With increasing outdoor temperature, the heating capacity increases, With increasing indoor temperature, it decreases. Also, with increasing loading duty the heating capacity increases. According to the increase in outdoor temperature and loading duty, compressor discharge temperature increases. From these experimental data, the correlation on compressor discharge temperature is proposed. It is expressed as a function of indoor temperature, outdoor temperature, and loading duty. The correlation obtained from the present study is agreed with the experimental data within $2^{\circ}C$.

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A Study on Technology Commercialization of Indoor Floor Advertising Lighting Devices Applicable to Advertisements and Disaster Situations (광고 및 재난상황에 적용 가능한 실내용 바닥광고 조명장치의 기술사업화 방안 연구)

  • Kwang-Soo Kim;Woon-Seek Lee
    • Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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    • v.46 no.3
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    • pp.32-40
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    • 2023
  • Recently, there are some outdoor floor advertising lighting devices as one of the active marketing methods. However, for outdoor use, there are many restrictions due to the Outdoor Advertisement Act, according to requiring high-output heat generation, waterproofing, and AC power, etc. The purpose of this study is to develop a Duo Light product optimized for indoor use through publicity and information guidance in normal times and automatic evacuation route guidance display in case of disaster, in conjunction with disaster safety. To that end, patent search and patent association analyses were conducted, and a comparative analysis with commercial products was conducted as a case study. In addition, prototypes were designed and produced through the review of operation principles, where field environment surveys and self-tests were conducted. Also, technology roadmaps were presented by preparing plans for expandability and advancement of products. For the analysis of technology commercialization, the feasibility of technology commercialization was examined through the analysis of Jolly's Model and Lean Canvas Model. The results of this study will be able to contribute to minimize human damage through the effective response to disasters, which can increase the effect of indoor advertising by using the proposed indoor floor advertising lighting device in advertising and disaster situations.

A Study on the Safety Consciousness of Resident for the Environmental Factors in Apartments (공동주택 환경요인에 대한 거주자의 안전의식 조사 연구)

  • Park, Hyeon-Ku;Song, Hyuk;Go, Seong-Seok
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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    • v.20 no.4 s.72
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    • pp.106-113
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    • 2005
  • The housing is a human's basic space and the comfort and the safety are the most basic conditions. According to the flow of age for Well-Being since the 21th, the suppliers and the users of apartment are making best effort now for the embossment of green environmental quality of apartment, and outstretch their hands for marketing strategic purposes in a side of indoor and outdoor environment with distinctive elements. But these supply and use are on progress competitively with the simple distinction, it is thought that indoor and outdoor environment are must be promoted according to the survey of residents' consciousness. So this study aims to provide basic materials with residents for the promotion of comfortable dwelling environment by solving the basic safety problem and also aims to survey and analyze the residents' safety consciousness in object of physical and non-physical environmental quality of indoor and outdoor of apartment by analyzing indoor air quality pollution, the feeling of being victimize caused by air pollution and safety consciousness according to physical environment elements.

Prediction of Possibility of Indoor Pipe Freezing in Heat Only Boiler Room through Thermal Analysis (열분석을 통한 열전용 보일러동 실내배관의 동파 가능성 예측)

  • Lim, Byoung-Ik;Chung, Kwang-Seop;Kim, Young-Il
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Geothermal and Hydrothermal Energy
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    • v.8 no.3
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    • pp.19-28
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    • 2012
  • In a heat only boiler system of a steam power plant, outdoor air required for combustion is made to pass through indoor space for increasing the boiler efficiency. Due to heat generated by various equipments, temperature of the air that enters the boiler will increase resulting in combustion efficiency. If the outdoor air temperature is low, however, this will cause freezing and bursting of pipes which are filled with water. It is especially fatal to small diameter pipes and pipes connected to measuring instruments. The purpose of this study is find operation and outdoor conditions where this phenomena can happen and also establish preventive measures to avoid this problem.

Investigation into Air Pollution in Car Shipping Workshop in Pyeongtaek Port (자동차 선적작업장의 공기오염 실태조사)

  • Kim, Ji-Ho;Won, Jong-Uk;Kim, Chi-Nyon;Roh, Jaehoon
    • Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.44-53
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    • 2006
  • This study purposed to investigate air pollution in car shipping yards and, for this purpose, we selected an outdoor open-air yard and an indoor ramp into the ship and measured the concentrations of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, PM10, PM2.5 and heavy metals in the air. The results of this study are as follows. No significant difference was observed in temperature and humidity between the outdoor and indoor workshop, and the average air flow was 0.52 m/s in the indoor workshop, which is higher than 0.19 m/s in the outdoor workshop(p<0.01). The average concentrations of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, PM10 and PM2.5 according to workplace were 0.03 ppm(${\pm}0.01$), 0.03 ppm(${\pm}0.01$), 0.46 ppm(${\pm}0.22$), $39.44{\mu}g/m^3$(${\pm}2.45$) and $5.45{\mu}g/m^3$(${\pm}1.15$) respectively in the outdoor workshop, and 0.15 ppm(${\pm}0.05$), 0.22 ppm(${\pm}0.06$), 8.85 ppm(${\pm}3.35$), $236.39{\mu}g/m^3$(${\pm}58.21$) and $152.43{\mu}g/m^3$(${\pm}35.42$) respectively in the indoor workshop. Thus, the concentrations of gaseous substances in the indoor workshop were 4.9-19.2 times higher than those in the outdoor workshop, and the concentrations of fine dusts were 5.9-27.9 times higher(p<0.01). In addition, according to the result of investigating pollutant concentrations according to displacement and the number of car loaded when shipping gasoline cars into the ship, no significant relation between the number of cars loaded and pollutants was observed in shipping passenger cars, but the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide got somewhat higher with the increase of the number of cars loaded(p<0.05). In addition, the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, PM10 and PM2.5 in the air were significantly higher when shipping recreational vehicles, the displacement of which is larger than passenger cars, than when shipping passenger cars(p<0.01). On the other hand, the average heavy metal concentrations of the air in indoor workshop were: lead $-0.05{\mu}g/m^3$(${\pm}0.10$); chromium $-0.90{\mu}g/m^3$(${\pm}0.18$); zinc $-0.38{\mu}g/m^3$(${\pm}0.24$); copper $-0.18{\mu}g/m^3$(${\pm}0.22$); and manganese and cadmium not detected. In addition, the complaining rates of 'asthma,' a major symptom of chronic respiratory diseases, were 18.5% and 22.5% respectively in indoor workers and outdoor workers. Thus the rate was somewhat higher in indoor workers but the difference was not statistically significant. The complaining rates of 'chronic cough' and 'chronic phlegm' were very low and little different between indoor and outdoor workers. The results of this study show that the reason for the higher air pollution in indoor than in outdoor workshop is incomplete combustion of fuel due to sudden start and over-speed when cars are driven inside the ship. In order to prevent high air pollution, efficient management measures should be taken including the observance of the optimal speed, the improvement of old ships and the installation of efficient ventilation system.

Indoor and Outdoor $NO_2$ Concentration at Subway Station and Personal $NO_2$ Exposure of Subway Station Workers (지하철역사의 이산화질소 농도와 역무원의 이산화질소 개인폭로량)

  • 손부순;장봉기;박종안;김윤신
    • Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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    • v.15 no.4
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    • pp.134-141
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    • 2000
  • The person' spending time in underground s[aces within indoor environment show a tendency to increase every year, but in Korea, levels and sources of pollutant in underground spaces have not been well-characterized. Therefore, as part or a larger indoor environmental study, conducted at subway station in Seoul, nitrogen dioxide was measured using passive samplers in 16 subway stations, 2 tunnels and 70 workers of subway station. The mean concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in subway stations were $27.87{\pm}7.15$ ppb at station office, $35.76{\pm}8.35$ ppb at platform, $52.60{\pm}13.04$ ppb at outdoor, respectively, and the Indoor/Outdoor ratio were 0.49~0.93. The mean concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in tunnels were $44.91{\pm}4.67$ ppb in Chunggye-Nowon tunnel with a single track, $42.55{\pm}3.33$ ppb in Mokkol-Taenung tunnel with double track, respectively, and as a result of t-test, a single track levels were higher than double track levels(p<0.05). The mean personal exposure of the subject of station workers was $29.40{\pm}9.75$ ppb.

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