• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.23-35
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• 2021

Fear conditioning and extinction, which are adaptive processes to learn and avoid potential threats, have essential roles in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders. Experimental fear conditioning and extinction have been used to identify the mechanism of fear and anxiety in humans. However, the brain-based mechanisms of fear conditioning and extinction are yet to be established. In the current review, we summarized the results of neuroimaging studies that examined the brain changes-functional activity and structures-regarding fear conditioning or extinction in healthy individuals. The functional activity of the amygdala, insula, anterior cingulate gyrus, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus changed dynamically with both fear conditioning and extinction. This review may provide an up-to-date summary that may broaden our understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms of anxiety disorder. In addition, the brain regions that are involved in the fear conditioning and extinction may be considered as potential treatment targets in the future studies.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.29-34
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• 2021

The Qur'an is regarded as the holy book by Islam followers; they assert that God wants humankind to understand its meanings and implement best practices. Numerous individuals have attempted to understand the meaning of its verses and explore its Extraordinary Vocabulary; however, few people successfully studied and researched the different meanings of that holy text. Only a limited segment of the society comprising scholars, students, and intellectuals have grasped the teachings of the Qur'an. A majority of the general population, specifically youngsters, spend ample time using mobile phones. In this context, many innovative educational platforms have recently been launched to attract the general public to learn and use knowledge. Research has provided the positive impact of such smart platforms. This concept is about an innovative smartphone platform to help users understand and reason the Qur'an by helping with the book vocabulary explained by expert scholars. This work proposes creating an engaging digital format using innovative technologies. This idea is inspired by youngsters who demonstrate an immense interest in online learning. Qur'an vocabulary is the prerequisite to building a better understanding that allows users to get precise meaning.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.549-563
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• 1999

This paper is a review of findings from studies that have used vignettes to identify salient characteristics that have been found to influence individuals' perceptions of child sexual abuse. Vignette studies finding avoid to unreliable and biased self-reports. A review of the literature revealed that factors influencing the perception process are divided into two groups. One group of factors relates to the details of the abuse situation including characteristics of sexual act (intrusiveness of the sexual act and the frequency of acts), characteristics of victim (age of victim, the gender of victim and victim resistance), and characteristics of perpetrator (age of perpetrator, gender of perpetrator and the relationship of the perpetrator to the child). The other group of factors focused on in research reflects individuals background variables that affect personal interpretations of the abuse situation. These factors include professional affiliation of the respondent and various other. demographics (e.g., gender of respondents, age, education, marital status, parental status, number of children, the length of experience, etc.), along with respondents own child sexual victimization experiences. Based on theses findings vignette studies have allowed researchers to learn how individuals vary their perceptions of various situational aspects of child sexual abuse situations, and how background characteristics of the respondents as observers may influence these perceptions.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.65-74
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• 2017

There have been questions how entrepreneurs think, act and why individuals become entrepreneurs. The trait-based explanation of entrepreneurial activities has been main stream. However, the trait-based theory has been criticized because it assumes that entrepreneurial traits are inherited, stable and enduring over time. This research accepts the cognitive theory to see how entrepreneurs learn or accept others' values, how entrepreneurial perceptions of opportunity impact entrepreneurial actions and how individuals acquire the social legitimation of the formation of entrepreneurial activities. In order to capture the attitudes, activities and motivations of people who are involved in entrepreneurial activities, the author uses the GEM Korea 2016 data. The data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor(GEM) has been well known for the data to capture individuals early-stage entrepreneurial activities. This paper used the sample from the APS(Adult Population Survey) of the GEM which was completed by a representative sample of two thousand adults in Korea by the qualified survey vendor, with strict procedures and oversight by the GEM central data team. The hypotheses are tested with logit regression analysis to estimate the probability of the influence of perceptual variables such as individual perception in social learning, the opportunity recognition in the environment, and social legitimation in the entrepreneurial activities. Based on the results, individuals tend to have high entrepreneurial activities if individuals have high self-efficacy. Also, the existence of role models around the entrepreneurs encourages the individuals involve in entrepreneurial activities more however the perception of opportunity in the environment is not strongly associated with entrepreneurial activities. The media exposure of successful entrepreneurs is more important than others' perception of entrepreneurs on the desirable career option or respect from communities. This paper can contribute to the cognitive processes, particular perception about oneself, as well as perception which is impacted by a community or a society.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.551-565
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• 2013

This paper examines the aspects of development education in the Geography Syllabus in the State of NSW, Australia and geography textbooks developed by it. The aspects of development education in the Geography Syllabus and textbooks is as follows. Firstly, Development Education is implicitly described in terms of the difference of the quality of life and aid links in Geography (Mandatory) Stage 4 and Geography (Mandatory) Stage 5, but clearly in Geography Elective. Moreover, Development Geography is one of unit to learn deeply in case of Global Challenges in Stage 6. Secondly, in geography textbooks, development education is sequenced with learning of the quality of life in everyday life, understanding of diverse meaning of development and measure of development, and the role of individuals and organizations for reducing the global inequality. The implications of the findings is as follows. Firstly, geography curriculum needs to be consist of the difference of the quality of life in the middle school, and development geography in high school. Secondly, the major concepts of development education like development, measure of development and the aid etc. need to be described in the different views. Thirdly, development education needs learners to learn the interdependence and practice the global citizenship through learning of specific links of our country with others. Finally, geography textbooks should not describe the normative efforts for reducing global inequality, and treat individual practical cases as well as organizations like government and NGOs so that learners empathize with their value and attitude through individual practical cases.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics S
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• v.36S no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 1999

In general, the information processing capability of a neural network is determined by its architecture and efficient training patterns. However, there is no systematic method for designing neural network and selecting effective training patterns. Evolutionary Algorithms(EAs) are referred to as the methods of population-based optimization. Therefore, EAs are considered as very efficient methods of optimal system design because they can provide much opportunity for obtaining the global optimal solution. In this paper, we propose a new method for finding the optimal structure of neural networks based on competitive co-evolution, which has two different populations. Each population is called the primary population and the secondary population respectively. The former is composed of the architecture of neural network and the latter is composed of training patterns. These two populations co-evolve competitively each other, that is, the training patterns will evolve to become more difficult for learning of neural networks and the architecture of neural networks will evolve to learn this patterns. This method prevents the system from the limitation of the performance by random design of neural networks and inadequate selection of training patterns. In co-evolutionary method, it is difficult to monitor the progress of co-evolution because the fitness of individuals varies dynamically. So, we also introduce the measurement method. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed method are inspected by applying it to the visual servoing of robot manipulators.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.4
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• pp.645-654
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to analyze the current status of and necessity for forest education in Korea in order to promote educational programs on the topic among different age groups. A survey conducted among 1,542 adults nationwide indicated that different age groups had variable degrees of awareness and experience of forest education programs. Specifically, older people responded more positively in terms of awareness, experience, and willingness to engage with forest education programs, and engaging in individual holistic development. In addition, participant companion types and motivation for participating in forest education programs were different among age groups. Regarding motivation for participating in forest education programs, all groups answered, "to enjoy the forest landscape," "to experience new things," and "to refresh themselves." In particular, individuals in their 30s had a desire to learn, while those in their 50s had a desire for a healthy lifestyle. Additionally, people in their 40s showed the highest participation rate in forest education programs, alongside their children and family members. In terms of operating period, older individuals preferred long-term operating programs. Accessibility was the most important factor for all age groups when selecting forest education programs. We hope that this study will be useful for the development and promotion of forest education programs for all age groups.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.142-147
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• 2012

Individuals with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) have difficulty inferring other people's feelings from their facial expressions and/or from situational cues, and therefore, they are less able to respond with prosocial behavior. We developed a computer-based training program to help teach the connection between facial-based or situation-based emotions and prosocial behavioral responses. An 8-year-old male school child with ASD participated in the study. In this program, he was trained to identify persons in need of help and appropriate prosocial responses using novel photo-based scenarios. When he misidentified emotions from photographs of another's face, the program highlighted those parts of the face which effectively communicate emotion. To increase the likelihood that he would learn a generalized repertoire of emotional understanding, multiple examples of emotional expressions and situations were provided. When he misidentified persons expressing a need for help, or failed to identify appropriate helping behaviors, role playing was used to help him appreciate the state of mind of a person in need of help. The results of the training indicated increases in prosocial behaviors during a laboratory task that required collaborative work. His homeroom teacher, using a behavioral rating scale, reported that he now understood another's emotion or situation better than before training. These findings indicate the effects of the training are not limited to the artificial experiment situation, but also carried over to his school life.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1057-1066
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• 2010

An ecological learning center is defined as a place which can establish the correct relationship between human and environment. Human can learn ecosystem and importance of environment throughout observation of nature and participation in program of ecological learning center. The most important aspects of ecological learning center planning are to reflect on user's demand and preservation of ecosystem. The prime goals of this study is to analyze user's characteristics in the Young Wheol Mulmurigol Ecological Learning Center. The second goal of this study is to find out the satisfaction model based on user's perceived performance of each program and facility in the center. For this study, questionnaire survey with 204 individuals was completed. The data from the questionnaire were analyzed statistical method by SPSS. There are several significant results from the study as following First, this ecological learning center as a newly operating facility is used not for educational purpose but for resting and relaxation purpose. It is due to that the most of users in this center are package tourists with historic scenes. Second, user's perceived performance evaluated by 23 attributions of programs and facilities, and these attributions could be classified by 5 factors such as environment friendly design, educational function, preservation of environment, provision of various bio-top and provision of resting area. Third, the user satisfaction model indicates that user satisfaction is depended on various factors such as preservation of environment, provision of various bio-top, provision of resting area. Among these factor affecting the satisfaction, provision of various bio-top is the most influence on user satisfaction.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.323-334
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• 2010

Objective : The study area in July 2009 Jeonbuk Obstetrics 172 people visited the patient's oral health care for expectant mothers who need to learn studied. Dental office understands the importance in the oral health of pregnant women, maintain oral health education to promote oral health and dental hygienist, used as basic data to suggest the direction of the business is. Methods: For data analysis SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science Version 12.0) program by using the analysis obtained the following conclusions; Results : 1. 3-29 from 25-year-old pregnant woman with morning sickness is usually the most reported high was 62.3%, severe 22.6%, 13.2% have had appeared in order, the difference was statistically significant. 2. The number of children and experience during pregnancy due to oral symptoms were all statistically significant differences. 3. The oral administration to pregnant women about the experience of education 13.4% had never received an answer was education, maternal age and under the number of children oral administration of the educational experience in ways that showed a statistically significant difference. 4. Last three months of pregnancy is three months pregnant 19.8% were used for dental medical. And, by visiting the regular removal of plaque by 44.1 percent showed the highest was found next to regular dental check-38.2. 5. The oral health of expectant mothers during pregnancy and conduct a 1-day average number of TBI was highest for the 3 CRC was estimated as 54.7%. And oral hygiene products that include oral solution, 21.5% in ferns were the most highly. Conclusions: In this study, promote and maintain oral health of pregnant women for the systematic development of educational programs, and maternal oral health status of individuals and the cognitive, oral administration to carry the program continued efforts were needed recommendations.