• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.198-201
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to assess intra-individual variations of clinicochemical parameters and calculate critical differences in healthy dogs during long-term periods. To calculate the critical difference of clinicochemical parameters, blood samples from 20 apparently clinically healthy dogs were collected once weekly for eight consecutive weeks. The critical difference was calculated as 9.01 mg/dl for urea, 0.52 mg/dl for creatinine, 0.99 g/dl for total protein, 0.39 g/dl for albumin, and 20.64 mg/dl for glucose. If two consecutive results differ by less than the critical difference value, it can be concluded that the difference is probably due to physiological variation. However, when the difference is greater than the critical value, other factors, either related to progression of the disease or the presence of concurrent disease, are more likely to be involved.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.75-98
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• 2017

Our study is trying to investigate the perceived training effectiveness by applying the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and Technological Acceptance Model (TAM) and intend to examine the effects of individual differences on perceived training effectiveness and performance of individuals. The main purpose is to evaluate the perceived training effectiveness, and role of individual differences in terms of learning. The results of this study supported all the hypothesis that participants with higher level of creative self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, creativity and emotional intelligence (EI) will have greater inclinations to learn. Results showed that perceive training effectiveness is positively related to training transfer and training transfer increase the performance of individuals. Study results significantly agree with the theory of planned behavior (TPB) which was applied to measure the perceived training effectiveness and suggest trainee's perception of usefulness, ease and benefits enhance learning dimensions of participants that make any program effective. The study has highlighted a number of issues that influence the perceived training effectiveness.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.145-157
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• 2017

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between values orientation and fashion image orientation with a focus on the new senior generation. The study conducted data analysis by using the SPSS 17.0 program for the final 397 copies excluding incomplete questionnaires. The results of this study are as follows. First, values orientation was drawn as the four factors of social orientation, dependent orientation, family-like orientation, and individual orientation. The fashion image orientation was compartmentalized as three factors: urban image, individual image, and feminine image. Second, social orientation had a significant effect on feminine image as shown in Photo 1, while only individual orientation exerted a significant influence on individual image (Photo 2). Social orientation and family-like orientation respectively exercised a significant influence on individual image and feminine image, and feminine image (Photo 3). Third, the four groups did not show a significant difference in the relationship with the sub-elements of fashion image orientation. It appeared that all four groups were felt as a complex image in which modern, feminine, and individual images were mixed. Fourth, the four groups showed a significant difference in the unusual, elegant, refined, youthful, feminine, and modern images among the factors of fashion image orientation.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.1-14
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• 2004

This research examined the effects of individual differences on visual discrimination skill teaming and its transfer to novel stimuli. Individual participants were categorized as having an analytic or holistic cognitive style, high or low working memory capacity, and high or low levels of rationality, experientiality, and adaptive decision-making styles. Participants received easy or difficult training for the serially presented discrimination task, and then transferred to novel discriminations. Training content interacted with cognitive style and working memory capacity to affect transfer accuracy performance, but individual differences in decision-making styles did not affect transfer performance. Results suggest individual differences should be taken into account when designing an interface for visual discrimination.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.249-258
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• 2003

This study attempted to examine a speaker identification method using difference sum and correlation coefficient determined from a pair of intensity level matrices of band-pass-filtered numeric sounds produced by ten female speakers of similar age and height. Subjects recorded three digit numbers at a quiet room at a sampling rate of 22 kHz on a personal computer. Collected data were band-pass-filtered at five different band ranges. Then, matrices of five intensity levels at 100 proportional time points were obtained. Pearson correlation coefficients and the sum of absolute intensity differences between a pair of given matrices were determined within and across the speakers. Results showed that very high correlation coefficient and small difference sum generally occurred within each speaker but some individual variation was also observed. Thus, the matrix pair with a higher coefficient and a smaller difference sum was averaged to form each individual's model. Comparison among the speakers yielded generally low coefficients and large differences, which suggests successful speaker identification, but among them there were a few cases with very high coefficients and small differences. Future studies will focus on finer band ranges and additional spectral parameters at some peak points of the intensity contour at a low frequency band.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.373-383
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• 2019

This research investigated the effect of individual yarn colors on the perception of overall colors of yarn-dyed woven fabrics. The way the colors of yarn-dyed woven fabrics are perceived is known as visual color mixing: when the different colored yarns juxtaposed on the fabric surface are observed from some distance away, they are visually mixed in our eyes and perceived as a solid color. However, we can still see individual yarn colors that make the fabrics look obviously different from actual solid colors. To quantify this visual color mixing effect, twenty-one sateen fabrics were produced in a wide range of colors using cyan, magenta, and yellow yarns, and the colors were measured instrumentally. The obtained colorimetric values were converted into solid color images on a CRT monitor. Then, the physical fabrics were scanned, and the scanned images were displayed on the monitor with solid color images in pairs for visual color difference evaluation. The woven and solid colors in each pair were of physically identical color; however, the visual color difference was as large as $4.81{\Delta}{E^*}_{ab}$ on average. A visual color difference model was proposed by considering this parametric effect of individual yarn colors.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.323-338
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• 2013

There are multiple process mechanism in causal reasoning, which is estimation of the causal strength between cause and result. Further, because these mechanisms operate on different time phase during causal reasoning, it is highly possible that different individual difference factors are related to individual mechanisms of causal reasoning. Especially, the phenomena of conditionalization and discounting reflect attention to multiple potential causes when people infer the relationship between cause and effect. In this study, we manipulated self-construal which is an individual difference factor that reflects context sensitivity in cognition. As results, no difference was observed in conditionalization between individuals with an independent self-construal and those with an interdependent self-construal. However, independent self-construal group was observed to be lower in discounting than the interdependent self-construal group. The results indicate that conditionalization and discounting are independent cognitive process in human causal reasoning.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.90-99
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• 2011

Purpose: To investigate the impacts of individualized versus group prenatal breast-feeding education on postnatal breast-feeding knowledge, this study addressed techniques and rates of first-time mothers as part of data collection for developing breast-feeding education programs. Methods: A quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group design was applied to compare the effects of prenatal breast-feeding individual vs. group education among first-time mothers. Collected data was analyzed using $x^2$-test, t-test, paired t-test, and ANOVA. Results: There was no difference on the knowledge of prenatal breast-feeding between individual and group education. However, individual education was a more effective method than group education on post-natal knowledge. In the 4th and 8th weeks of breast-feeding, individual education was more effective than group education. However, there was no difference between the two education methods at Week 12. Conclusion: This study indicates that many outpatient mothers should be given various individual approaches and prenatal breast-feeding education programs to provide them with opportunities for education to improve breast-feeding rates. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the breast-feeding rates at Week 12, which may be attributed not to education methods but to changes in external environmental factors. Further research is needed to address the changes.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.8
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• pp.103-127
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• 2002

In this study, satisfaction with salary of the clerical saff in health care organization was analyzed with a view to provide data contributive to efficient wage management for the clerical staff of hospitals. For the analysis, it was investigated if there is any difference in satisfaction with wage depending on the individual and environmental characters as well as comparative factors perceived by self or by others in-and outside the working place. The findings of the analysis may be summed up as follows: First, in support of the hypothesis that the satisfaction with wage of the clerical staff in hospitals will individual factors, statistically significant difference were found in the satisfaction with wage depending on age and career, but there was little significant difference depending on gender and education. Thus, the hypothesis I in this study can be partly adopted. Second, with regard to the hypothesis that the satisfaction with wage of the clerical staff in hospitals will vary with environmental variables, significant differences were found in terms of comparative factors perceived by self or by others inside the working place and those perceived by others outside the working place, and significant difference was also shown in the comparative factors perceived by others outside the working place. Whereas, however, there was no significant difference in the satisfaction with wage depending on the position, which led to the partial adoption of the hypothesis II. This study has following limits in search of difference in satisfaction with wage of clerical staff in hospital depending on individual and environmental variables: the sample is too small to represent the general wage level satisfaction of the whole health care organizations, since the survey hasn't covered the wage level and management of the employees in all hospitals; the professional attitude and rate of fluctuation that are closely connected with the wage level are not considered.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2012.10a
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• pp.364-369
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• 2012

The vehicle sound classified into driving sound due to power-train, operating sound due to electric motor like sunroof, door lock and electronic sound. These vehicle sound has various features depend on the characteristic of sound that user required. And it based on cultural and regional difference of user. In this study, the user required vehicle sound characteristics for luxury sedan was investigated in overall viewpoint. And virtual target sound was developed through the result of user preference investigation. Next, Jury test was carried out in Germany, USA and Korea for evaluating the target sound. And the regional and individual difference of preference was analyzed through the result of jury test. This result of research will be contributed to design of vehicle sound quality and target sound setting.