• Journal of Computing Science and Engineering
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.183-196
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• 2011

There has recently been a surge of interest in relational database mining that aims to discover useful patterns across multiple interlinked database relations. It is crucial for a learning algorithm to explore the multiple inter-connected relations so that important attributes are not excluded when mining such relational repositories. However, from a data privacy perspective, it becomes difficult to identify all possible relationships between attributes from the different relations, considering a complex database schema. That is, seemingly harmless attributes may be linked to confidential information, leading to data leaks when building a model. Thus, we are at risk of disclosing unwanted knowledge when publishing the results of a data mining exercise. For instance, consider a financial database classification task to determine whether a loan is considered high risk. Suppose that we are aware that the database contains another confidential attribute, such as income level, that should not be divulged. One may thus choose to eliminate, or distort, the income level from the database to prevent potential privacy leakage. However, even after distortion, a learning model against the modified database may accurately determine the income level values. It follows that the database is still unsafe and may be compromised. This paper demonstrates this potential for privacy leakage in multi-relational classification and illustrates how such potential leaks may be detected. We propose a method to generate a ranked list of subschemas that maintains the predictive performance on the class attribute, while limiting the disclosure risk, and predictive accuracy, of confidential attributes. We illustrate and demonstrate the effectiveness of our method against a financial database and an insurance database.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.171-179
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• 2009

Onto the world-fastest ageing of society, the world-lowest fertility rate prompted a development of various policies and programs for a betterment of the population in Korea. Since the vulnerability of young children of low socio-economic class to malnutrition was clearly shown at the in-depth analysis of the 2001 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, an effort to devise supplemental nutrition care program for pregnant/breastfeeding women, infants and preschool children was initiated. The program was designed to offer nutrition education tailored to fit the needs of the participants and special supplementary foods, using USDA WIC program as a benchmark. Based on the dietary intake of those age groups, target nutrients were selected and their major food sources were searched through nutrient content of foods and dietary pattern analysis. As a result, we developed 6 kinds of food packages using combinations of 11 different food items. The amount of each item in a food package was determined to supplement the intake deficit in target nutrients. Nutrition education in $NutriPlus^+$ aims to improve the nutrition knowledge, attitude, and dietary behaviors of the participants, and is provided through group lessons, individual counseling sessions and home visits. Breastfeeding is promoted with top priority in education for the health of both mother and baby. The eligibility guidelines were set for residency, household income, age, pregnancy/breastfeeding and nutritional risk such as anemia, stunting, underweight, and/or inadequate nutrient intake. Income eligibility was defined as household income less than 200 percent of the Korean poverty guidelines. A pilot study to examine the feasibility of program implementation was run in 3 public health centers in 2005 and expanded to 15 and 20 in the following 2 years. The result of 3-year pilot study will be reported separately along with the ultimate nationwide implementation of the $NutriPlus^+$ in 2008.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권15호
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• pp.6249-6254
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• 2015

Targeting breast cancer awareness along with comprehensive cancer care is appropriate in low and middle income countries like India, where there are no organized and affordable screening services. It is essential to identify the existing awareness about breast cancer in the community prior to launching an organized effort. This study assessed the existing awareness about breast cancer amongst women and their health seeking practices in an urban community in Mumbai, India. A postal survey was undertaken with low or no cost options for returning the completed questionnaires. The majority of the women were aware about cancer but awareness about symptoms and signs was poor. Women were willing to accept more information about cancer and those with higher awareness scores were more likely to seek medical help. They were also more likely to have undergone breast examination in the past and less likely to use alternative medicines. High income was associated with better awareness but this did not translate into better health seeking behaviour. Organized programmes giving detailed information about breast cancer and its symptoms are needed and women from all income categories need to be encouraged for positive change towards health seeking. Further detailed studies regarding barriers to health seeking in India are necessary.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.158-168
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• 2014

Objectives: To identify and evaluate the trend of meal-skipping rates among Korean adolescents with their contributing causes and the influence of household income level on meal skipping. Methods: Using 2008, 2010, and 2012 data from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey of 222 662 students, a cross-sectional study with subgroup analysis was performed. We calculated odds ratios for skipping each meal 5 or more times in a week by household socio-economic status using a multiple logistic regression model. The secular change in the meal-skipping rates by the students' family affluence scale was analyzed by comparing the meal-skipping students within each subgroup and odds ratios for the same event over time. Results: Through 2008 to 2012, most of the meal-skipping rates generally showed a continuous increase or were almost unchanged in both sexes, except for breakfast skipping in several subgroups. Students in low-income households not living with both parents had the highest meal-skipping rates and odds ratios for frequent meal skipping. In a time-series subgroup analysis, the overall odds ratios for the same event increased during 2008 to 2012, with a slight reduction in the gap between low and higher income levels with regard to meal skipping during 2010 to 2012. Conclusions: Household socio-economic status and several other factors had a significant influence on Korean adolescent meal-skipping rates. Although the gap in eating behavior associated with household socio-economic differences is currently decreasing, further study and appropriate interventions are needed.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.76-86
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• 2012

본 연구는 대구시를 사례로 대중교통서비스에 대한 접근성의 차이에 따른 환경적 형평성을 분석하였다. 2005년을 기준으로 한 인구 및 주택 센서스 자료와 버스정류장 및 지하철역의 위치자료를 이용하여 GIS 데이터베이스를 구축하였다. 커버리지 방법을 이용하여 대중교통서비스권을 설정하고, 맨 휘트니 U 검정을 사용하여 서비스권 내 외부의 사회경제적 특성을 비교하고 이에 대한 통계적 유의성을 검증하였다. 시 외곽에 위치한 동구, 수성구, 달서구, 북구는 다른 구들과 비교해 상대적으로 접근성이 떨어지는 것으로 밝혀졌으며, 반면에 중구, 서구, 남구는 상대적으로 접근성이 좋은 것으로 분석되었다. 대구시 전체에서 남성 및 여성비율과 미성년자비율에 대해서는 환경적 불형평성이 나타나지 않았지만, 고령자비율과 기초생활수급자비율에 대해서는 환경적 불형평성이 나타났다. 이러한 환경적 불형평성의 가장 주된 원인은 저소득계층이 접근성이 좋은 대로변 주거지역의 비싼 임대료나 지가를 지불할 수 없으므로 대중교통시설에서 멀리 떨어진 노후화된 불량주거지역에 거주하고 이들 중에는 고령자들이 많이 포함되어 있기 때문이다. 또한, 지역주민의 사회경제적 특성을 고려한 버스정류장과 지하철역의 설치 관련 법률이나 규정 등이 마련되어 있지 않으며, 대중교통서비스 시설의 분포에 대해 체계적인 관리가 이루어지지 않고 있기 때문이다. 본 연구는 지역주민의 사회경제적 분포특성을 고려하여 버스정류장과 지하철역을 설치하고 버스 및 지하철의 노선을 선정하는 것과 같은 대중교통정책을 수립하는데 시사점을 제시할 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.177-187
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• 2002

This study was done to determine the factors associated with childhood overweight in 721 sixth grade elementary school students, in Busan. The students' heights, weights, waist circumferences and triceps-skinfold thicknesses were measured using standard techniques. Other data were collected using a questionnaire that included information about physical activity, television watching, and the amount of exorcise taken during leisure times, family history of diseases related to obesity: social data including family income, parents'education and occupations, eating behaviors; parental weights and heights; and parental activity levels. Childhood overweight was defined as a body mass index at or above the 85th percentile for age and sex. The prevalence of overweight revealed no significant difference between sexes, (24.2% in boys and 22.03% in girls). The risk of childhood overweight was significantly greater if either the mother or the father were overweight. The odds ratio for childhood overweight associated with maternal overweight was 5.045 (94% CI : 3.262-7.801), and 2.727 (95% CI : 1.764-4.218) was the case for parental overweight. Children having a history of hear diseases had higher odds ratios than those who did not. The odds ratios for overweight associated with income were not different. However, a higher odds ratio for overweight was observed in children whose fathers had only an elementary or middle school education than those whore fathers had a high school or college education. Children whose fathers' occupations were service workers or shopkeepers (OR : 3.314, 95% C = 1.851-5.934) or had no occupation (OR = 3.756, 95% CI : 1.898-7.430) had a treater risk of overweight than those whose fathers'were professionals or once workers. The risk of overweight increased in children having more irregular meal times and faster eating times, rather than those having an intake pattern of high energy and sugar containing floods. The amount of exercise taken during leisure times, and daily physical activity showed no difference between overweight and non-overweight children. However, television watching time, especially on weekends, was greater in overweight children than in non-overweight children. Television watching time was positively correlated with BMI, triceps-skin(31d thickness, waist circumference and waist/height ratio. Therefore, television watching was found to be a useful predictor of overweight in children. Television watching in children was negatively related to paternal activity levels, and positively related to parental television watching time. In fact, fathers whose children were overweight were physically less active than fathers whose children were non-overweight. Parents appeared to be a strong influence on their children's physical activity levels. In conclusion, a low family social class, defined on the basis of the father's occupation or education, parental overweight, increased television watching, and unhealthy physical activity levels in parents were all considered risk factors for childhood overweight. Among these, television watching time and lack of physical activity were considered to be the most important risk factors that could be easily modified for the prevention of and intervention in, overweight in children.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.125-140
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• 1990

The purpose of this study is to inverstigate the need of child care services and child care programs for the working class mothers. We surveyed four Industrial complex (in Seoul, Incheon, Pusan, Ulsan) to collect data. The samples were 282 mothers (Seoul: 95, Incheon: 54, Ulsan: 62, Pusan: 71). The mothers had children under six years of age and they worked at factory for 11 hours. They (65%) rented houses with 1-2 rooms. Their income was not enought to support their family. They were never supported by social network, so they had to work at factory and they need child care services. The mothers had many difficulties of child rearing and early childhood education. They wanted perfect day care programs. They expected it as followings: (1) Day care center placed at factory or near home. (2) The administrater is goverment or employer. (3) It is managed a full time system. (4) It is center-based day care or industrical day care. (5) They share day care expense with employer or goverment. (6) Day care expenses is 35,000 won in case of full time system, 25,000 won in case of half-time system. They desited highly qualifed day care programs, but they would not expense highly cost. So we suggest that goverment and factory employers support the working mothers.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.49-63
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• 2005

The Purposes of this study were to segment Chinese consumers by clothing Purchase motive, and then to analyze and compare the clothing purchasing behavior among the segmented groups. The subjects were 655 career women of middle and high class in their 20's and 30's living in Benjing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Changchun. A total of 655 questionnaires were analyzed by using frequency, mean, factor analysis, ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test, cluster analysis, and X^2 _ test. The results were as follows: 1. Chinese consumers were segmented into clothing high-involvement group, fashion pursuing group, practicality pursuing group, and characterless group. 2. The clothing purchase behavior variables such as purchasing motive, using informants, clothing selection standards, store selection standards, purchasing place, satisfaction after purchasing clothes, price of purchase, shopping time, shopping companion, and paying method were significantly different among the 4 segmented groups. 3. The demographic variables such as a city, marriage, total monthly income, and average monthly expenditure on clothing were significantly different among the 4 segmented groups.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.217-224
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• 2007

The ratio of the aged population over 65 in Korea comprises 5.7% of the total population in 1995, and 7.1% in 2001, and it is expected that it will be 14% in year 2023. Also, owing to the appearance of various layers of the aged, it is necessary to prepare various programs and facilities for the aged who are healthy and economically capable in order for them to spend their life in an abundant and rewarded way. Andthere is a rising necessity not only to recognize the value of existence for the existing elderly welfare facilities but to prepare new elderly welfare facilities considering comprehensive elderly welfare as well. Especially, even though elderly welfare centers continue to provide for the aged both in a low-income class and a common class various service programs and activity programs, there still is a poor structure in terms of spatial dimension in detail to comply the service. Accordingly, we believe that it is necessary to have a comparative study on elderly welfare centers in Japan as elderly welfare facility that advances about 30 years ahead. For this purpose, this study compared the spatial structures of application programs according to facility regulations and their gross spatial classification focusing on elderly welfare centers in Japan and those of Korea. Based on this, this study intends to present basic materials for interior space planning when establishing elderly welfare centers founded on space dimension and structure along with the gross space in elderly welfare centers in Korea in the future.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.47-59
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to examine the factors affecting financial satisfaction of rural housewives. Data for this study were collected from 202 households living in 8 provinces. The results were as follows; 1) The most frequent financial problems experienced from expenditures on clothes(82.1%), lack of expense for social intercourse (61.47), and difficulty in purchasing durable goods(60.1%) in the order. 2) 44.6% of the respondents said they were satisfied with their net worth, and 21.6% of them confessed they had difficulties in debt redemption while 52.5% of them said they felt pressure about monthly payments of installments, which reveals that farm households find it hard to pay back short-term debt. 3) The path analysis was adopted to see the causal relations among the variables influenced the financial satisfaction. The variables of experiences of economic problems, educational background(graduated from middle school), saving, income, and age appeared to be important in the order of effectiveness. Among them, the variables of saying and experiences of economic problems showed a direct effect, and those of age and saving displayed an indirect effect with the experiences of economic problems as the parameter. From this findings, it is suggested that rural extension workers and educators should emphasize the importance of the financial plan in their educational programs.