• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.668-680
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• 2000

The study presents the general types and individual differences of the shape of the adult women's neck and shoulder in our country. It is based on the average value, the standard deviation, the maximum value, the standard deviation, the maximum value, the minimum value and c.v. measured from the women at the age of 19 through 64. The results of this study are as follows ; 1. The factors by factor analysis are five. The first is the size factors of the neck and shoulder. The second is shape factor of neck. The third is plane view and length factor of the neck. The fourth is the side view factor of the neck and shoulder. The fifth is the shape factor of shoulder. Therefore the shape of the neck and shoulder should be examined in the shape factors as well as in the size factors as well as in the size factors for the designing body-suitable clothes. 2. The factors of the concrete objects are the solid view of neck and shoulder, the cross-sectional view of neck line, side view of neck and shoulder and length of neck. The explainable measuring items for the factors are the difference of the length between lower neck round line and the 4㎝ above neck round line, the length of neck, the angle of inclination between fore neck and back neck, the angle of inclination of the side shoulder, the difference of the height between fore neck point and back neck point, the width of shoulder, the width of chest and the width of back. 3. The concrete objects of the neck and shoulder have five types ; Type Ⅰ is average type, Type Ⅱ is thick short neck and the drooping shoulder type, Type Ⅲ I is slender long neck and lean-back shoulder type, Type Ⅳ is thick and rising shoulder type and Type Ⅴ is slender and drooping shoulder type.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.567-582
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• 2022

In the present study, a series of physical experiments and numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the effects of mode I and mixed-mode I/II cracks on the fracture modes and stability of roadway tunnel models. The experiments and simulations incorporated different inclination angle flaws under both static and dynamic loads. The quasi-static and dynamic testing were conducted by using an electro-hydraulic servo control device and drop weight impact system (DWIS), and the failure process was simulated by using rock failure process analysis (RFPA) and AUTODYN software. The stress intensity factor was also calculated to evaluate the stability of the flawed roadway tunnel models by using ABAQUS software. According to comparisons between the test and numerical results, it is observed that for flawed roadways with a single radical crack and inclination angle of 45°, the static and dynamic stability are the lowest relative to other angles of fractured rock masses. For mixed-mode I/II cracks in flawed roadway tunnel models under dynamic loading, a wing crack is produced and the pre-existing cracks increase the stress concentration factor in the right part of the specimen, but this factor will not be larger than the maximum principal stress region in the roadway tunnel models. Additionally, damage to the sidewalls will be involved in the flawed roadway tunnel models under static loads.

• International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2000

This study presents a procedure for analyzing chip-tool friction and shear processes in 3-D cutting with a single point tool. The edge of a single point tool including a circular nose is modified to an equivalent straight edge, thereby reducing the 3-D cutting with a single point tool to the equivalent of oblique cutting. Then, by transforming the conventional coordinate systems and using the measurements of three cutting force components, the force components on the rake face and shear plane of the equivalent oblique cutting system can be obtained. As a result, the chip-tool friction and shear characteristics of 3-D cutting with a single point tool can be assessed.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.1122-1130
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• 2001

Film cooling performance from two rows of holes with opposite orientation angles is evaluated in terms of heat flux ratio. The film cooling hole has a fixed inclination angle of 35°and orientation angle of 45°for the downstream row and -45°for the upstream row. Four film cooling hole arrangements including inline and staggered configurations are investigated. The blowing ratio studied was 1.0. Boundary layer temperature distributions are measured to investigate injectant behaviors and mixing characteristics. Detailed distributions of the adiabatic film cooling effectiveness and the heat transfer coefficient are measured using TLC(Thermochromic Liquid Crystal). For the inline configuration, there forms a downwash flow at the downstream hole exit to make the injectant well attach to the wall, which gives high adiabatic film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient. The evaluation of heat flux ratio shows that the inline configuration gives better film cooling performance with the help of the downwash flow at the downstream hole exits.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.231-243
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• 1997

This study was carried out in order to find out the changes of the pharyngeal airway, hyoid bone and head posture before and after tonsillectomy in functional class III malocclusion patients. For this study, 21 Angle's class I patients and 21 Angle's class III patients, totally 42 subjects were chosen. The results were as follows; 1. In comparison to Class I group, tongue was more anteriorly and hyoid bone was more inferiorly positioned in functional Class III group 2. In comparison to pre-tonsillectomy, tongue was more posteriorly positioned and larger nasopharynx depth was shown in post-tonsillectomy. In post tonsillectomy, the hyoid bone was displaced posteriorly and superiorly and counterclockwise rotation was shown. 3. The level of significance for the correlation shown was 5 percent (p<0.05) indicating that: The change of nasopharyx depth was correlated to the inclination of lower incisors. Vertical change of tongue posture was correlated to the hyoid axis change. Vertical change of hyoid bone was correlated to the horizontal change of hyoid bone, craruocervical inclination. The change of craniocervical inclination was correlated to the inclination of lower incisors. 4. After the tonsillectomy, counterclockwise rotation of hyoid axis was associated with decease of hya-NL and large nasopharyngeal airway. High posture of the tongue was associated with decrease of hya-NL. Posterior posture of the tongue was associated with increase of h-hl,and decrease of hya-ba-n.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.180-185
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• 2012

Purpose: An accurate preoperative analysis of the patient is essential in orthognathic surgery in order to acquire superior results. In profile, the location of the chin's position may change according to the neck's inclination. This may ultimately affect the amount of surgical movement. During acquisition of cephalometric radiographs, or in supine position, there is a discrepancy in the neck's inclination. This means that there are also various discrepancies between the actual profile and the various preoperative profile images. In the clinical situation, the decision in performing genioplasty usually lies in the analysis of the patient's profile on the operating table at the final stages of orthognathic surgery. This study aims to analyze the different preoperative profile images and to compare their discrepancies. Methods: Fifty eight patients undergoing orthognathic surgery were chosen. These patients were divided into three groups according to angle's classification of malocclusion, as class I, II or III. The right profile of these patients in centric occlusion was taken in natural head position (NHP). This was set as the 'actual profile image.' Another right profile image was taken on the operating table after insertion of the nasotracheal intubation and with muscle relaxants in effect. This was also taken in centric occlusion. The angle (denoted 'A') between the soft tissue glabella-pognion and the true vertical plane was found in the above-mentioned profile images and in the cephalometric radiographs. The differences of these values were analyzed. Results: There were differences in Angle 'A' in all of the preoperative images. These values were however, not statistically significant. Conclusion: In order to gain an esthetic profile during orthognathic surgery, the NHP is shown to be the most reliable position. Images reproducing such head positions should be used in the treatment planning process.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.21 no.1 s.33
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• pp.131-170
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• 1991

This study was designed to analyze morphological characteristics of Korean young adults, norms and standard deviation of variables, sexual differences, correlationship between each area of face and correlationship between hard tissue and soft tissue. The primary sample consisted of 45 males and 57 females who were early and middle twenties and had acceptable profile, no history of previous orthodontic treatment, absence of remarkably large overjet and overbite, full complement of permanent teeth, Class I skeletal and dental relationships and good vertical facial proportions. Their cephalograms were analyzed morphologically with a computer morphometrics. Then the final sample - 25 males and 38 females - were selected within 1 S.D. of E-line, ANB, P/A facial height ratio, Interincisal angle, L1 to A-Pog, ODI and APDI. The results of the study were as follows: 1 In the form and proportion of facial skeleton there were no significant differences between males and females, but in the size males were larger than females. 2. The dental protrusion patterns had no significant sexual difference and no significant correlationship between protrusion of upper lip and inclination of upper incisor. But mentolabial angle had positively correlated with interincisal angle and negatively with inclination of upper and lower incisor. 3. In the relationship between nose and soft-tissue profile, males were larger than females in nasal length, height and angular measurements. 4. In analysis of soft-tissue profile, males were larger than females in the length and thickness. In the angular measurements and proportion of soft-tissue profile, there were no significant differences between males and females.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.47-53
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• 2006

This study concerns the performance of condensation heat transfer in plain and grooved thermosyphons. Distilled water, methanol, ethanol have been used as the working fluids. In the present work, a copper tube of the length of 1200mm and 14.28mm of inside diameter is used as the container of the thermosyphon. Each of the evaporator and the condenser section has a length of 550mm, while the remaining part of the thermosyphon tube is adiabatic section. A study was carried out with the characteristics of heat transfer of the thermosyphon 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 helical grooves in which boiling and condensation occur. The liquid filling as the ratio of working fluid volume to total volume of thermosyphon, the kinds of working fluid, the inclination angle, grooves and operating temperature have been used as the experimental parameters. The experimental results show that the number of grooves, the amount of the working fluid, the kind of working fluid, angle of inclination angle are very important factors for the operation of thermosyphon. The maximum heat transfer was obtained when the liquid fill was about 20 to 25 % of the thermosyphon volume. The relatively high rates of heat transfer have been achieved in the thermosyphon with grooves. The helical grooved thermosyphon having 70 to 80 grooves in water, 60 to 70 grooves in methanol and 70 to 80 grooves in ethanol shows the best heat transfer coefficient in both condensation.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.19-24
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• 2001

The amount of incident solar rays on inclined surfaces with various directions has been widely utilized as important data in installing solar collector, hot water system, and photovoltaic module, and designing solar buildings and house. This is because the performance of the solar energy applied systems is much affected by angle and direction of incident rays. Recognizing those factors mentioned above are of importance, actual experiment has been peformed in this research to obtain the angle of inclination with which the maximum incident rays can be absorbed. The results obtained in this research could be used in designing optimal solar systems.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.1381-1390
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• 1992

This paper presents a dynamic characteristics of flow induced vibration of circular cylinder set with inclined angle against flow direction. The effect of the cylinder bounded by spiral fin and wire on the damping of flow induced vibration is investigated, i.e., inclined angle, spiral pitch angle and number of spiral thread are studied. As the results, the cylinder with spiral fin is most effective for the damping. Also the cylinder bounded by pitch angle 50.deg. and 2 spiral thread is most effective.