• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.536-539
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• 1998

The anti-complementary activity (immuno-stimulating activity) was tested for the exo-polymers (extra-cellular polymer) produced from submerged mycelial cultures of 21 types of higher fungi. Anti-complementary activity of the exo-polymer from Cordyceps militaris showed the highest (69.0%) followed by Pleurotus ostreatus (63.7%) and Trametes suaveolens (61.4%). The mycelial growth rate and biomass doubling time of C. militaris in a 5 I air-lift fermenter were 0.0255 $h^{-1}$ and 27.2 h, respectively. The yield of the exo-polymer produced from the culture broth of C. militaris was 2.95 mg of dry weight/ml of culture broth. Sugar and amino acid compositions of this exo-polymer were analyzed.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.306.3-307
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• 2002

According to recent studies. cefodizime. a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic agent. may potentially have the capability of stimulating chemotactic activity of neutrophils and monocytes as well as the strong immuno-modulator. We have studied to see if cefodizime can be a potential substance inducing an Immunological activities on immune cells. such as dendritic cells and macrophages. In experimental process. dendritic cell and macrophage were taken from mice and mixed with 10${\mu}\ell$/$m\ell$. 50$${\mu}\ell$/$m\ell$, 100${\mu}\ell$/$m\ell$.cefodizime and 1$${\mu}\ell$/$m\ell$ IFN-${\gamma} 10U/$m\ell$＋LPS. (omitted)

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.68-77
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• 2011

80% methanol and 0.9% neutral saline soluble and hot water substances (hereinafter referred to Fr. NaCl, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH, respectively) were extracted from fruiting bodies of Grifola frondosa. In vitro cytotoxicity tests, crude polysaccharides were not cytotoxic against cancer cell lines such as Sarcoma 180 and RAW 264.7 at the concentration of 10~2000 ${\mu}g/ml$, but crude polysaccharides from Fr. NaCl was slightly toxic to HT-29 and NIH3T3 at the concentration of 2000 ${\mu}g/ml$. Intraperitoneal injection with crude polysaccharides exhibited life prolongation effect of 25.0~52.9% in mice previously inoculated with Sarcoma 180. Fr. HW increased the numbers of spleen cells by 1.3 fold at the concentration of 200 ${\mu}g/ml$ compared with control. Fr. NaCl improved the immuno-stimulating activity of B lymphocyte by increasing the alkaline phosphatase activity by 1.5 fold compared with control at the concentration of 200 ${\mu}g/ml$. 10~14 ${\mu}M$ of nitric acid were generated when Fr. NaCl was added to RAW 264.7 at the concentration of 50~500 ${\mu}g/ml$, while the control group produced 4.3 ${\mu}M$ of nitric oxide. The Fr. NaCl, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH increased the production of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, Il-2 and IL-6 by more than 1.4 times compared with the control group. The Fr. of MeOH increased the numbers of peritoneal exudate cells and circulating leukocytes by 3.0 and 2.0 folds compared with the control at the concentration of 50 ${\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Therefore, the crude polysaccharides extracted from fruiting bodies of Grifola frondosa could improve antitumor activity of mice.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.304-312
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• 2021

The present study aimed to develop new physiologically active ingredients from Angelica gigas. The polysaccharides purified from A. gigas, AGE-2c-I, showed potent anti-complementary activity in a dose-dependent manner. C₃ activation products were identified through crossed immuno-electrophoresis using anti-human C₃ antibodies and the anti-complementary activity of AGE-2c-I under Ca⁺⁺-free conditions suggests that AGE-2c-I may induce complementary activation via both alternative and classical pathways. In addition, AGE-2c-I augmented the production of various cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor-α, by peritoneal macrophages. Furthermore, intravenous (i.v.) administration of AGE-2c-I dose-dependently enhanced natural killer cell cytotoxicity against YAC-1 lymphoma. In experimental lung metastasis, prophylactic i.v. administration of AGE-2c-I inhibited lung metastasis by 58% at 100 ㎍/mouse. From the above results, we suggest that AGE-2c-I purified from A. gigas has potent immune system-stimulating activities, and is a potentially promising food ingredient beneficial to human health.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.156-163
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• 2003

Background: $\beta$-1,3-glucans are well known to enhance the immune reactions, resulting in antitumor, antibacterial, antiviral, anticoagulatory and wound healing activities. $\beta$-1, 3-glucans have various activities depending on molecular weight, degree of branching, conformation, water-solubility and intermolecular association. However, the $\beta$-1,3-glucan linked backbone structure is essential and $\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl units are required for immuno-potentiating activities. Result: In this study, we tested the immunophamacological activities of soluble $\beta$-1,3-glucans and confirmed the following activities: (1) $IFN-{\gamma}$ production in PBMCs in the presence or the absence of PHA, LPS, or IL-18; (2) induction of various cytokines in the spleen and thymus; (3) adjuvant effect on the antibody production; (4) nitrogen oxide synthesis in macrophages; (5) the cytotoxic and antitumor effects on cell lines and ICR mice. Conclusion: These results strongly suggested that $\beta$-1,3-glucans possessed various immuno-pharmacological activities.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.50-60
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• 2024

Objective: Testicular fat deposition has been reported to affect animal reproduction. However, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. The present study explored whether sperm meiosis and testosterone synthesis contribute to mouse testicular fat deposition-induced reproductive performance. Methods: High fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity CD1 mice (DIO) were used as a testicular fat deposition model. The serum hormone test was performed by agent kit. The quality of sperm was assessed using a Sperm Class Analyzer. Testicular tissue morphology was analyzed by histochemical methods. The expression of spermatocyte marker molecules was monitored by an immuno-fluorescence microscope during meiosis. Analysis of the synthesis of testosterone was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and reagent kit. Results: It was found that there was a significant increase in body weight among DIO mice, however, the food intake showed no difference compared to control mice fed a normal diet (CTR). The number of offspring in DIO mice decreased, but there was no significant difference from the CTR group. The levels of follicle-stimulating hormone were lower in DIO mice and their luteinizing hormone levels were similar. The results showed a remarkable decrease in sperm density and motility among DIO mice. We also found that fat accumulation affected the meiosis process, mainly reflected in the cross-exchange of homologous chromosomes. In addition, overweight increased fat deposition in the testis and reduced the expression of testosterone synthesis-related enzymes, thereby affecting the synthesis and secretion of testosterone by testicular Leydig cells. Conclusion: Fat accumulation in the testes causes testicular cell dysfunction, which affects testosterone hormone synthesis and ultimately affects sperm formation.

• The Journal of Korea CHUNA Manual Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.111-123
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• 2002

Objectives : There have been many studies of the effect of Bee Venom therapy about arthritis, but no one study was reported about its whole functional mechanism to musculo-skeletal system. This study was designed to investigate the effect, Indication, and side effect of Bee Venom therapy on musculo-skeletal disease by literature review of articles. Results : The effects of Bee Venom therapy to musculo-skeletal system are divided to Anti_inflammatory effect and Anti-nociceptive effect. Anti_inflammatory effect is achieved through competitive chemotaxis, immuno-regulation, increasing of cortisol secretion by stimulating hypothalamus-pituitary gland-adrenal cortex axis. Anti-nociceptive effect is achieved by Anti-inflammatory mechanism and it works similar to anti-nociceptive effect of the acupuncture acting on central and peripheral nociceptive transduction system. The Bee Venom therapy could cause severe side effect, for example, hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis, injury to central nerve system and cardiovascular system, peripheral blood system, and renal dysfunction. Conclusions : With its Anti-inflammatory and Anti-nociceptive mechanism, Bee Venom therapy is considered that has good effects to autoimmune disease, chronic inflammation of various musculo-skeletal disease and various pain syndrome. But the clinician must be careful for its side effects.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.309-318
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• 2000

The fruiting bodies of Paecilomyces japonica been used for an anticancer and immuno-stimulating agent as an oriental medicine, Antimutagenecity test with SOS chromotest and antioxidant test with NBT method were carried out using the concentrated culture broth, the extract of mycelia, and that of fruiting bodies. Among the sample extracts tested, the extract of fruiting bodies was most effective to antimutagenecity against the mutagens tested such as MNNG, ethidium bromide(EtBr), 2-aminofluorene(AF) and nitrofluorene(NF). Antimutagenic activity of all the extracts were very effective against mutagen, MNNG. When the extracts were added to certain concentration, antimutagenic activity was enhanced against mutagen, MNNG and NF. Antioxidant activity of the extract from fruiting bodies was highest. However, its activity was very low, compared to ascorbic acid.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.89-94
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• 2007

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate cisplatin-induced apoptosis by ethanol extract of bojungbangam-tang (EBJT). Methods : To evaluate of anti-apoptic effects of EBJT, we examined several kinds of cell populations such as $CD4^{+}$ T cells, $CD8^{+}$ T cells and macrophages in spleen. Result : 1. EBJT inhibited cisplatin-induced cell death in spleen. 2. EBJT inhibited the death of $CD4^{+}$ and $CD8^{+}$ T cells. 3. EBJT slightly recovered the number of macrophages by cisplatin. Furthermore, cisplatin-induced upregulation of class II were inhibited by EBJT. Conclusion : EBJT prevented cisplatin-induced cell death, which could provide a clinical basic for side effects of anti-tumor therapeutics.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.153-166
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• 2012

A variety of ligands differ in their capacity to bind the receptor, elicit gene expression, and modulate physiological responses. Such receptors include Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize various patterns of pathogens and lead to primary innate immune activation against invaders, and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), whose interaction with their cognate ligands activates heterotrimeric G proteins and regulates specific downstream effectors, including immuno-stimulating molecules. Once TLRs are activated, they lead to the expression of hundreds of genes together and bridge the arm of innate and adaptive immune responses. We characterized the gene expression profile of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in RAW 264.7 cells when it bound with its ligand, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (KDO), the active part of lipopolysaccharide. In addition, to determine the network communications among the TLR, Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), and GPCR, we tested RAW 264.7 cells with KDO, interferon-${\beta}$, or cAMP analog 8-Br. The ligands were also administered as a pair of double and triple combinations.