• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2014

The olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus is susceptible to viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) at $15^{\circ}C$ but no mortality at $20^{\circ}C$ even though the virus can grow well in vitro at $20^{\circ}C$. Thus, we designed an experiment to know immune response of olive flounder against VHSV when the host reared at $15^{\circ}C$ or $20^{\circ}C$. cDNA microarray analysis was performed to compare the gene expression patterns of the kidney cells between the host reared at $15^{\circ}C$ or $20^{\circ}C$. The expression of MHC class I, IL-8, myeloperoxidae and endonuclease G-like having function for the antigen presentation and chemokine-factor were up-regulted both the $15^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$ during VHSV infection. MHC class II gene existing on antigen-presenting cells and B cell lymphocytes, immunoglobulin (Ig) genes and phagocytosis related genes were down-regulated at $15^{\circ}C$ but highly expressed at $20^{\circ}C$. It can be thought that innate immune related antigen presentation by MHC class I and phagocytosis reaction against VHSV are efficiently occur both the temperature but macrophage or B cell related antigen presentation via MHC class II fails to induce downstream immune reactions (adaptive immunity) to make antibody, and it can be one of the reason that causes high mortality only at $15^{\circ}C$.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.543-553
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• 2008

Objective: The goal of this study was to determine the anti-asthma mechanism of SF on TNF-${\alpha}$ induced activation on A549 (human type II-like epithelial) cells. Using oligonucleotide microarray, we sought to establish the molecular mechanism of the protective effects of SF on A549 cells. Material & Methods : Cells were cultured in three different conditions: 1) negative control group was cultured in normal condition of DMEM, 2) positive control group was activated with TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-4. and IL-1${\beta}$, and 3) SF treated group was previously treated with 0.1${\mu}g/ml$ SF after TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-4. and IL-1 activation. Cells of positive control and SF treated groups were cultured for 30 min, 1hr, 3hr and 6hr. Results : The comparative analysis of the gene expression profile revealed that proinflammatory cytokines such as IL1F8, IL1F9, IL1R1. IL1RN, IL1RAPL1, IL8, TNFRSF4, TNFSF10c, TNFSF13, TRAF5, and TRAF7 and inflammation-related genes including MMP2, MMP11, MMP14, MMP15, MMP16, MMP19, MMP25, and MMP27 were down regulated with SF treatment. Cell adhesion molecule genes such as ITGB1, ITGBL1, selectin P ligand, selectin E, ICAM2, ICAM3, VCAM1, PECAM, FCER1G and MMP28 genes were also down-regulated in SF treated A549 cells. Conclusion : These results suggest that the anti-asthmatic effects of SF could be mediated by regulating specific genes related with cell adhesion, proinflammatory cytokine and inflammation-related genes in A549 cells.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.471-478
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• 2014

Genomic organization, including the structural characteristics of 5'-flanking regions of two 65-kDa protein (WAP65) isoform genes associated with warm temperature acclimation, were characterized and their transcriptional responses to immune challenges were examined in the intestine, kidney and spleen of the mud loach (Misgurnus mizolepis; Cypriniformes). Both mud loach Wap65 isoform genes displayed a 10-exon structure that is common to most teleostean Wap65 genes. The two mud loach Wap65 isoforms were predicted to possess various stress- and immune-related transcription factor binding sites in their regulatory regions; however, the predicted motif profiles differed between the two isoforms, and the inflammation-related transcription factor binding motifs, such as NF-${\kappa}B$ and CREBP sites, were more highlighted in the Wap65-2 isoform than the Wap65-1 isoform. The results of qRT-PCR indicated that experimental immune challenges using Edwardsiella tarda, lipopolysaccharide or polyI:C induced the Wap65-2 isoform more than Wap65-1 isoform, although modulation patterns in response to these challenges were tissue- and stimulant-dependent. This study confirms that functional diversification between the two mud loach Wap65 isoforms (i.e., closer involvement of Wap65-2 in the acute phase of inflammation and innate immunity) occurs at the mRNA level in multiple tissues, and suggests that such differential modulation patterns between the two isoforms are related to the different transcription factor binding profiles in their regulatory regions.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.66-72
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• 2005

The epidermis is a physiological barrier to protect organisms against environment. During the aging process, skin tissues undergo various changes including morphological and functional changes. The transcriptional regulation of genes is part of cellular reaction of aging process. In order to examine the changes of gene expression during the aging process, we used the primary cell culture system of human keratinocytes. Since UV radiation is the most important environmental skin aggressor, causing skin cancer and other problems including premature skin aging, we examined the changes of gene expression in human keratinocytes after UV irradiation using oligonucleotide microarray containing over 10,000 genes. We also compared the gene expression patterns of the senescent and UV treated cells. Expression of the variety of genes related to transcription factors, cell cycle regulation, immune response was altered in human keratinocytes. Some of down-regulated genes are represented in both senescent and UV treated cells. The results may provide a new view of gene expression following UVB exposure and aging process in human keratinocytes.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.230-239
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• 2012

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is an enzyme that is predominantly expressed in germinal center B cells and plays a pivotal role in immunoglobulin class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation for antibody (Ab) maturation. These two genetic processes endow Abs with protective functions against a multitude of antigens (pathogens) during humoral immune responses. In B cells, AID expression is regulated at the level of either transcriptional activation on AID gene loci or post-transcriptional suppression of AID mRNA. Furthermore, AID stabilization and targeting are determined by post-translational modifications and interactions with other cellular/nuclear factors. On the other hand, aberrant expression of AID causes B cell leukemias and lymphomas, including Burkitt's lymphoma caused by c-myc/IgH translocation. AID is also ectopically expressed in T cells and non-immune cells, and triggers point mutations in relevant DNA loci, resulting in tumorigenesis. Here, I review the recent literatures on the function of AID, regulation of AID expression, stability and targeting in B cells, and AID-related tumor formation.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 2016

Lectins play significant roles in the innate immune responses through binding to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on the surfaces of microorganisms. In the present study, tissue distribution and expression analysis of olive flounder lectins were performed after viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) challenge. Fish egg lectin and serum lectin were found to be predominantly expressed in the gills and liver, these results indicate that the transcript expression of olive flounder lectins is concentrated in immune-related tissues. Following a VHSV challenge, an overall increase in the transcript levels of the genes was observed and the expression patterns were distinctly divided into early and later responses during VHSV infection. In conclusion, olive flounder lectins are specifically expressed in immune-related organs and induced in both the immediate and long-lasting immune responses to VHSV in the olive flounder. These results indicate that lectins may be play important roles in the host defense mechanism and involved in the innate and adaptive immune response to viruses in fish.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.728-733
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• 2016

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) effectively reduce airway inflammation and regenerate the alveolus in cigarette- and elastase-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) animal models. The effects of stem cells are thought to be paracrine and immune-modulatory because very few stem cells remain in the lung one day after their systemic injection, which has been demonstrated previously. In this report, we analyzed the gene expression profiles to compare mouse lungs with chronic exposure to cigarette smoke with non-exposed lungs. Gene expression profiling was also conducted in a mouse lung tissue with chronic exposure to cigarette smoke following the systemic injection of human cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hCB-MSCs). Globally, 834 genes were differentially expressed after systemic injection of hCB-MSCs. Seven and 21 genes, respectively, were up-and downregulated on days 1, 4, and 14 after HCB-MSC injection. The Hbb and Hba, genes with oxygen transport and antioxidant functions, were increased on days 1 and 14. A serine protease inhibitor was also increased at a similar time point after injection of hCB-MSCs. Gene Ontology analysis indicated that the levels of genes related to immune responses, metabolic processes, and blood vessel development were altered, indicating host responses after hCB-MSC injection. These gene expression changes suggest that MSCs induce a regeneration mechanism against COPD induced by cigarette smoke. These analyses provide basic data for understanding the regeneration mechanisms promoted by hCB-MSCs in cigarette smoke-induced COPD.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.230-236
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• 2005

Formaldehyde is a common environmental contaminant found in tobacco smoke, paint, garments, diesel and exhaust, and medical and industrial products. Formaldehyde has been considered to be potentially carcinogenic, making it a subject of major environmental concern. However, only a little information on the mechanism of immunological sensitization and asthma by this compound has been known. So, we performed with Jurkat cell line, a human T lymphocyte, to assess the induction of DNA damage and to identify the DEGs related to immune response or toxicity by formaldehyde. In this study, we investigated the induction of DNA single strand breaks by formaldehyde using single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay). And we compared gene expression between control and formaldehyde treatment to identify genes that are specifically or predominantly expressed by employing annealing control primer (ACP)-based $GeneFishing^{TM}$ method. The cytotoxicity ($IC_{30}$) of formaldehyde was determined above the 0.65 mM in Jurkat cell in 48 h treatment. Based on the $IC_{30}$ value from cytotoxicity test, we performed the comet assay in this concentration. From these results, 0.65 mM of formaldehyde was not revealed significant DNA damages in the absence of S-9 metabolic activation system. And the one differentially expressed gene (DEG) of formaldehyde was identified to zinc finger protein 292 using $GeneFishing^{TM}$ method. Through further investigation, we will identify more meaningful and useful DEGs on formaldehyde, and then can get the information on the associated mechanism and pathway with immune response or other toxicity by formaldehyde exposure.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.993-1000
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• 2024

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the differential expression of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene region in Eimeria-infected broiler. Methods: We profiled gene expression of Eimeria-infected and uninfected ceca of broilers sampled at 4, 7, and 21 days post-infection (dpi) using RNA sequencing. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between two sample groups were identified at each time point. DEGs located on chicken chromosome 16 were used for further analysis. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis was conducted for the functional annotation of DEGs. Results: Fourteen significant (false discovery rate <0.1) DEGs were identified at 4 and 7 dpi and categorized into three groups: MHC-Y class I genes, MHC-B region genes, and non-MHC genes. In Eimeria-infected broilers, MHC-Y class I genes were upregulated at 4 dpi but downregulated at 7 dpi. This result implies that MHC-Y class I genes initially activated an immune response, which was then suppressed by Eimeria. Of the MHC-B region genes, the DMB1 gene was upregulated, and TAP-related genes significantly implemented antigen processing for MHC class I at 4 dpi, which was supported by KEGG pathway analysis. Conclusion: This study is the first to investigate MHC gene responses to coccidia infection in chickens using RNA sequencing. MHC-B and MHC-Y genes showed their immune responses in reaction to Eimeria infection. These findings are valuable for understanding chicken MHC gene function.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.329-335
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• 2013

TCR subunits are members of membrane-bound receptors which allow the fast and efficient elimination of the specific fish pathogens have regulated function in adaptive immunity. Sequence structure of TCR subunits have been reported for various teleosts, but the information of each TCR subunit functional characterization through expression analysis in fish was unknown. In this study, we examined the gene expression of TCR subunits in the early developmental stages and observed transcript levels in various tissues from healthy adult olive flounder by RT-PCR. The mRNA expression of alpha subunit was already detected in the previous hatching step. But the transcripts of another TCR subunit were not observed during embryo development and increased after hatching and maintained until metamorphosis at the same level. It was found that all TCR subunits mRNAs are commonly expressed in the immune-related organ such as spleen, kidney and gill, also weak expressed in fin and eye. TCR alpha and beta subunit were expressed in brain, whereas gamma and delta were not expressed same tissue. The sequence alignment analysis shows that there are more than 80% sequence homology between TCR subunits. Because it has a high similarity of amino acid sequence to expect similar in function, but expression analysis show that will have may functional diversity due to different time and place of expression.