• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.412-417
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• 2008

BAY11-7082 was initially found to be an anti-inflammatory drug with NF-${\kappa}B$ inhibitory property. In this study, we evaluated modulatory function of BAY11-7082 on U937 cell-cell adhesion induced by CD29 (${\beta}1$-integrins). BAY11-7082 strongly blocked functional activation of CD29 (${\beta}1$-integrins), as assessed by cell-cell adhesion assay. However, this compound did not block a simple activation of CD29, as assessed by cell-fibronectin adhesion assay. In particular, to understand molecular mechanism of BAY11-7082-mediated inhibition, the regulatory roles of CD29-induced actin cytoskeleton rearrangement under cell-cell adhesion and surface level of CD29 were examined using confocal and flow cytometic analysis. Interestingly, this compound strongly suppressed the molecular association of actin cytoskeleton with CD29 at cell-cell adhesion site. Moreover, BAY11-7082 also diminished surface levels of CD29 as well as its-associated adhesion molecule CD147, but not other adhesion molecules such as CD18 and CD43. Therefore, our data suggest that BAY11-7082 may be involved in regulating immune responses managed by CD29-mediated cell-cell adhesion.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.394-399
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• 2021

Song-Gang^® bio-stone (SGS) is a microporous crystalline hydrated aluminosilicate which has found various applications because of their very unique physiochemical characteristics such as ion exchange and absorptive-desorptive properties. Significant progress has been made in recent years on applications of these inorganic adsorbents in different industries including agriculture, aquaculture, water and wastewater treatment. This review article intends to summarize the published reports on the applications of SGS in aquaculture industry. SGS application as a feed additive to enhance fish growth and promote their health and nutritional parameters is the most important discussed areas. According to the technical data that are discussed in this review, SGS should be considered as a material with tremendous potential for application in the aquaculture industry. Considerable amounts of research works are under way to explore other opportunities for application of SGS to benefit aquaculture industry.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.21.1-21.10
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• 2020

TLRs are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) whose cytoplasmic signalling domain is similar to that of IL-1. The extracellular domain of TLRs serve as the binding site of pathogen associated molecular patterns. TLRs are found on both plasma and endosomal membranes and they mainly exert their function by activating genes which lead to production of inflammatory factors. The latest TLR to be discovered, TLR10 is a unique TLR which exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. TLR10 is found on the plasma membrane with other TLRs namely TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR6. Studies have revealed that TLR10 is found on the same gene cluster with TLR1 and TLR6 and is also a coreceptor of TLR2. Up to date, TLR10 is the only TLR which exhibit anti-inflammatory property. Previously, TLR10 was thought to be an "orphan receptor" but much recent studies have identified ligands for TLR10. Currently there is no review article on TLR10 that has been published. In this narrative review, we are going to give an account of TLR10, its functions mainly as an anti-inflammatory PRR and its possible applications as a target in therapeutics.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.3-7
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• 2009

Background and Objectives : Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is a medical plant that has been widely utilized as a tonic and nutritional agent since ancient times in Korea. Ginseng has anti-metastatic property of cancer and immunomodulating activity. The novel acidic polysaccharide compound(MB40) was isolated from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. To determine immunomodulating activities of MB40, we evaluate anti-cancer and anti-metastatic effects of MB40 in tumor bearing immune competent mice. Material and Methods : C3H mice were divided into three equal groups(Cisplatin treatment group, MB40 treat-ment group, Cisplatin and MB40 treatment group) and were transplanted SCC(Squamous Cell Carcinoma) cells(2${\times}$106) to the lateral side of abdomen. From day 4 after transplantation, MB40 was administrated at dose of 10mg/kg, respectively, every other day by intratumoral injection. Cisplatin was systemically administrated at doses of 1mg/kg, respectively, every week by intraperitoneal injection. Results : 5 days after administration, tumors can be palpated in every mice group. After 13 days of administration, the mice group to which MB40 were administrated exhibited reduction in tumor size respectively, compared to cisplatin group. Overall status of mice such as body weight and activity were superior in MB40 group than cisplatin group. Conclusion : The result of this study indicates MB40 may have significant therapeutic effect and decreases complications induced by systemic chemotheraphy. MB40 may be developed as a novel and potent immunotropics to improve the cell immune system and anti-cancer drug for the treatment of cancer patients in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 2014

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by a progressive loss of cartilage. And, increased oxidative stress plays a relevant role in the pathogenesis of OA. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a used drug for liver diseases known for its free radical-scavenging property. The objectives of this study were to investigate the in vivo effects of UDCA on pain severity and cartilage degeneration using an experimental OA model and to explore its mode of actions. OA was induced in rats by intra-articular injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) to the knee. Oral administration UDCA was initiated on the day of MIA injection. Limb nociception was assessed by measuring the paw withdrawal latency and threshold. Samples were analyzed macroscopically and histologically. Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the expression of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), IL-6, nitrotyrosine and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in knee joints. UDCA showed an antinociceptive property and attenuated cartilage degeneration. OA rats given oral UDCA significantly exhibited a decreased number of osteoclasts in subchondral bone legion compared with the vehicle-treated OA group. UDCA reduced the expression of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, nitrotyrosine and iNOS in articular cartilage. UDCA treatment significantly attenuated the mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), -13, and ADAMTS5 in IL-$1{\beta}$-stimulated human OA chondrocytes. These results show the inhibitory effects of UDCA on pain production and cartilage degeneration in experimentally induced OA. The chondroprotective properties of UDCA were achieved by suppressing oxidative damage and inhibiting catabolic factors that are implicated in the pathogenesis of cartilage damage in OA.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.161-165
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• 2004

Background: Anti-cardiolipin antibody (Anti-CL Ab) is one of the various antiphospholipid antibodies (Anti-PL Abs) and found in the plasma of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), atherosclerosis, and other infectious diseases. While anti-PL Abs found in the sera of patients with infectious diseases bind directly to CL, binding of anti-PL Abs to CL circulating in the sera of patients with autoimmune diseases is mediated by $\beta_2-$glycoprotein 1 ($\beta_2-GP1$). The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of <$\beta_2-GP1$ on the antigen binding assay of anti-CL Abs present in the sera of patients with atherosclerosis, which has been known as one of autoimmune diseases. Methods: ELISA was performed with sera containing anti-CL Abs from three patients with atherosclerosis in the presence or absence of $\beta_2-GP1$ or FBS. Results: Reactivity of anti-CL Abs to CL was increased in the presence of $\beta_2-GP1$ or FBS in a dose dependent manner. Conclusion: <$\beta_2-GP1$ or FBS could be used as co-factor in CL ELISA with anti-CL Abs present in the sera of patients with atherosclerosis. It is suggested that anti-CL Abs found in atherosclerosis patients are similar in terms of antigen binding property to those circulating in the patients with autoimmune diseases, not to infectious diseases.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.94-101
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• 2018

Tuberculosis (TB) is infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. It is known that not only the property of microorganism but also the genetic susceptibility of infected patients is controlled. Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a cytokine belonging to type 1 T helper (Th1) activity. In addition, IL-2, when infected with MTB, binds IL-2 receptor and promotes T cell replication and is involved in granuloma formation. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic polymorphisms of the IL-2 receptor gene in tuberculosis patients and normal individuals. We analyzed 22 SNPs in three genes using the genotype data of 443 tuberculosis cases and 3,228 healthy controls from the Korea Association Resource for their correlation with tuberculosis case. IL2RA, IL2RB, and IL2RG genes were genotyped of 16, 4, and 2 SNPs, respectively. Among three genes, only IL2RA gene polymorphisms showed statistically significant association with tuberculosis case. 6 SNPs with high significance were identified in the IL2RA gene. In addition, the linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure of IL2RA gene was confirmed. SNP imputation of IL2RA gene was performed, it was confirmed that more SNPs were significant between case and control. If we look at the results of IL2RA gene analysis above, we can see that genetic polymorphism in the gene expressing $IL-2R{\alpha}$ will regulate the expression level of $IL-2R{\alpha}$, and the change in the immune system involved in $IL-2R{\alpha}$. In this study, genetic polymorphism that may affect host immunity suggests that susceptibility to tuberculosis may be controlled.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.281-289
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• 2007

We have investigated lysozyme activity and protectivity of starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus against olive flounder pathogenic bacteria, Edwardsiella tarda, Vibrio ichthyoenteri and Streptococcus iniae in varying salinities, water temperatures and stocking density. Starry flounders were susceptible to E. tarda but not V. ichthyoenteri and S. iniae. Under low salinity condition, the lysozyme activity was decreased a little compared to the control but not significant. The physiological and immune activities were normal up to 26 ℃ culture temperature and 100% stocking density; they were compromised from 29℃ and 200%, respectively.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2005

Ginseng is a popular medicinal plant highly valued throughout the world. Asian ginseng is one of the most common species of ginseng. It has long occupied a significant position in oriental medicine and has been justified its name as the 'king herb'. As a nutritional supplement, ginseng is an extremely common and popular herbal medicine in the United States and Canada in recent decades. The multiple constituents of ginseng possess equally multifaceted pharmacological actions as demonstrated by numerous studies. Ginseng root and its constituents influenced the central nervous system, endocrine, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal system, sexual, renal organ and immune system, etc. One important action is its anti-hyperglycemic effect. Previous studies on ginseng demonstrate that only the root of ginseng has been used in the treatment of diabetes, while the other parts of ginseng plant were always neglected. Recently, we analyzed the constituents of ginseng berry, leaf and discovered that ginseng berry, leaf extracts and its total ginsenosides have the ability to reduce hyperglycemia and body weight and increase the peripheral glucose utilization in obese or diabetic ob/ob or db/db mice. Our data suggest that all parts of ginseng plant, including root, berry, leaf and stem exhibit potent anti-hyperglycemic and anti-obese effects and may provide an opportunity to develop a novel class of anti-diabetic agents.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.301-305
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of Anisi stellati Fructus Water Extract on hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Anisi stellati Fructus were extracted by hot water. Effects of Anisi stellati Fructus water extract (AS) on hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 were measured by dihydrorhodamine 123 assay after 20, 24, 28, 44, 48, and 52 h incubation at the concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and $100{\mu}g/mL$. For 20 h incubation, AS significantly increased hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 cells by $108.6{\pm}1.56%$, $109.5{\pm}1.94%$, $108.4{\pm}1.14%$, and $107.3{\pm}3.06%$ at the concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and $100{\mu}g/mL$ (P < 0.05) respectively. For 24, 28, 44, 48, and 52 h incubation, AS also significantly increased hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 cells at the concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and $100{\mu}g/mL$ (P < 0.05). These results suggest that Anisi stellati Fructus has the immune - enhancing property related with its increase of hydrogen peroxide production in macrophages.