• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.46
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• pp.63-84
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• 2017

Overwhelming images of vividly colored aircraft flying across the blue sky and steam gushing from massive machines are reminiscent of Japanese animation films, especially of works by master director Hayao Miyazaki. By presenting together steam engines, which are mechanical devices of the Industrial Age in the past, and aircraft of the future age, the director constructs ambiguous space and time. These special time and space constitute nostalgia for past time, with devices called steam engines as a medium, and a longing for science and the future as represented by aircraft. In addition, the anticipation and disappointment, ideals and regrets of humans who see these two from the perspective of the present are projected on the works. This shares the characteristic of the steam punk genre, which seeks to return to the past rather than to face current problems. A subgenre of science fiction (henceforth "sci-fi"), steam punk reflects fundamental skepticism of science and technology and mechanized civilization, which have developed beyond human control. In addition, as works that clearly display such characteristics, director Miyazaki's and < $Nausica{\ddot{a}}$ of the Valley of Wind> can be examined. With spectacles of steam engines and aircraft, these two works enticingly visualize narratives about nature and humans and about the environment and destruction. Such attractiveness on the part of the master director's works has led to support from fans worldwide. However, often in the backgrounds of director Miyazaki's works, which have depicted ideal worlds of nature, environment, and community as highly concentrated fantasies, lie presuppositions of war and the end of the world. As works that are especially prominent in such characteristics, there are and . These two works betray the expectations of the audience by establishing the actual wartime as the temporal background and proceeding toward narratives of reality. Trapped in the ontological identity of the director himself, the war depicted by him projects a subjective and romantic attitude. Such a problem stems also from the ambiguity of the hybrid space and time, which is basic to the steam punk genre. This is because the basic characteristic of steam punk is to transplant past time, which humans were able to control, in the future from a perspective of optimism and longing via steam engines rather than to face current problems. In this respect, steam punk animation films in themselves can be seen as having significance and limitations at the same time.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.739-756
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• 2016

The purpose of the study is to reflect on 'myself' as a teacher educator of college of education in depth and to improve my instruction through self-study with three critical collaborators. 17 pre-service science teachers and I have participated in this study of a teacher educator's course since March 2016 after the preliminary practice in 2015. The video recorded the course for 11 weeks with about 40 hours of lessons. The data source also included teacher educator's reflective journals, lecture evaluations, online boards and so on. Questionnaires were distributed and answered both at the beginning and at the end of the course and pre-service teachers wrote their reflective journals. Four of them were in the focus group interviews. During the course, the weekly group meeting of critical collaborators analyzed the emerging issues based on the lesson clips and teacher educator's reflective journals with discussion for the course innovation. Four phases were revealed in the process and for the purpose of the course such as exploration, conflicts, challenges, and changes. The results showed that first, we identified tensions among the teacher educator's multiple identities as a lecturer, a faculty member, and a researcher. Second, there were differences between goals of teacher educator and pre-service teachers in the course, and this obstructed the success of the course sometimes. Third, these practices led to explore balanced alternative views and interpretations of the problem by critical views and to expand and improve our teaching practice and thinking. In addition, the self-study with critical collaborators helped to bring conflicts and issues below my practice to light for collaborative reflection and it gave a chance to understand ourselves as teacher educators in different ways.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.295-312
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• 2006

The use of the national pension funds to welfare has been criticized due to its low profitability, with concern about financial instability and the lack of funds. Despite the small amount of the funds employed to the welfare, therefore, it has been decreasing so far. It is resulted from the fact that the use of funds to the welfare sector failed to provide its valid reasons, and take the policy direction firmly. There are three main logical reasons for the welfare investment of national pension funds: Firstly, no state is capable to take the full responsibility for the entire social welfare, and therefore, the funds can be used for social welfare. Secondly, the funded system, contrasted with the case of pay-as-you-go system, has inevitably caused discriminations to the present elderly through excluding them institutionally from pension participation. At last, so as to its selective system, the minimum contribution period of 10 years brings about the equity problem between the people who can afford it and the people who hardly can. Therefore, investing a proportion of funds to the welfare is entirely reasonable in that it can alleviate the discriminations to the present elderly generation and the marginal participants, rather than to meet their social welfare needs. With regard to the policy decision, the profitability of the investment, and the choice of the welfare work, on the other hand, the policy direction should be given a sufficient consideration of a various policy factors such as the necessity of social consensus, independence of the welfare work in relations with other national welfare work, policy identity to judge whether the work is worth long-run or short-run, and the reliance of direct-operated work and indirect-operated work. As a result of all these efforts above mentioned, an investment to the welfare of the national pension funds could be vitalized, and gain public confidence.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.254-269
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to propose guidance for wall renewal that is appropriate for an ancient city wall through application of advanced research and theories in wall design. It is a streetscape improvement project which forms part of the "Ancient City Image Finding Project". Study methods consist of advanced research classification, wall design theory contemplation, and analysis of the significance of designated ancient city areas and the "Ancient City Image Finding Project" status. Based on these methods, case study candidates were selected, case status and problems were identified, and improvement proposals were analyzed by comparing various features. Advanced wall research was classified into six categories including analysis of wall characteristics; wall design principle applications; wall structure, color, shape, and application; modern reinterpretation; palace walls; and house, temple, and village walls. The wall is an element of the streetscape improvement component of the "Ancient City Image Finding Project", with the characteristic of providing preceding experience in visual and cognitive awareness than interior structure. Case candidates for ancient city wall improvement are based on the composition distribution of the special conservation district in each ancient city as well as the conservation promotion district. Ultimately, the surrounding village of Gongju-si Geumseong-Dong Songsanri-gil, adjacent to the Royal Tomb of King Muryeong, was selected as the candidate. The "Ancient City Image Finding Project" of the surrounding village of Gongju-si Geumseong-Dong Songsanri-gil began with new Hanok construction. However, wall maintenance did not begin concurrently with that new Hanok construction. Support and maintenance took place afterwards as an exterior maintenance project for roadside structures. If the Hanok and wall were evaluated and constructed at the same time, the wall would have been built in unison with the size and design of the Hanok. The layout of the main building and wall of the Hanok is deemed to be a structure that is closed tightly because of its spatial proximity and tall height. Songsan-ri-gil's wall design should create a calm, subtle, and peaceful atmosphere with shapes, colors, and materials that express ancient city characteristics, but it is in an awkward position due to its sharpness and narrowness. The cause of the problem at Gongju-si Geumseong-dong Songsanri-gil, the case candidate, is that it is lacking significantly in terms of the aesthetic factors that traditional walls should possess. First, aesthetic consciousness seems to have disappeared during the selection and application process of the wall's natural materials. Second, the level of completion in design and harmony is absent. Maintenance guidance after analyzing the cause of problems in ancient city wall maintenance at Gongju-si Geumseong-dong Songsanri-gil, the subject area of research, is as follows: First, the Hanok design and layout of the wall and main gate should be reviewed simultaneously. Second, the one-sided use of natural stone wall in the Hanok wall design should be reexamined. Third, a permanent system to coordinate the opinions of citizens and experts during the planning and design phases should be employed. Fourth and finally, the Hanok's individuality shall be collectivized and its value as a cultural asset representing the identity of the community shall be increased.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.339-358
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• 2021

This study explores the agency of a student leader, expressed through efforts to distribute power and encourage participation in elementary scientific modeling classes. The study also analyzes the context in which the leader's agency was expressed and the context in which the development of a collective agency was constrained. The participants were 22 fifth-grade students. The leader's agency was analyzed by examining his words and actions. As a result, at the outset of the study, the leader had the most power, performing all the activities as the sole authority in a non-cooperative participation pattern. However, with reflection and help from the researcher, the leader recognized the problem and facilitated the participation of other students. He developed an identity as a teacher and demonstrated the agency. The leader's agentic behaviors can be categorized into three aspects. First, regarding the cognitive aspect, the leader helped other students participate in modeling by sharing his knowledge. Second, regarding the normative aspect, he made rules to give all students an equal voice. Third, regarding the emotional aspect, the leader acknowledged the contribution of the students, increasing their confidence. The leader's agency temporarily helped the group to overcome the student hierarchy, facilitating a cooperative participation pattern. However, the development of a collective agency was constrained. The power of the leader was partially redistributed, and the other students did not position themselves as equal to the leader. To support the leader's agency to develop into a collective agency, it is necessary to redistribute the power of the leader more equally and to change the recognition of students.

• 한국노년학
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.1057-1081
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• 2018

This study analyzed the case of elderly care cluster in Gwangjin-gu to explore the possibilities of social economy as a provider of community-based social services. Community-based means the approach by which community organizations build a voluntary and collaborative network to enhance collective problem-solving abilities. Therefore, it is very likely that the social economy that emphasizes people, labor, community, and democratic principles can contribute to community-based social services. This study analyzed social economic network by using four characteristics of social economy suggested by OECD community economy and employment program as an analysis framework. The results of this study are as follows: First, it is found that social economy would hardly supply community-based social services through network cooperation because of a large variation in community identity, investment to new product, and labor protection. Second, community users are not the consumers of the social economy and the products of the social economy stay in market products only for the organizations in social economy. In order to create good services that meet the needs of residents, community development approaches are required at the same time. The importance of community space where local residents and social economy meet is derived. Third, public support such as purchasing support has weakened the ecosystem of social economy by making the distinction between public economy and social economy more obscure. On the other hand, public investment in community infrastructure is an indirect aid to social economy to communicate with residents and to promote good supply and consumption. In the end, community-based social services need a platform where the social economy and the people meet. This type of public investment can create the ecosystem of the social economy.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.22-43
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• 2016

State Ownership of Excavated Cultural Heritage System was originated from the legislations concerning cultural objects during the Japanese colonial period (1910~1945) and was succeeded by the present Buried Cultural Properties Act enacted in 2011. Despite the importance of the system that completes the outcomes of excavations and determines the state-owned cultural properties, the foundation of national heritage, it has been limitedly regarded as administrative area and neglected by the academic scholars or policy researchers. Recently the traditional culture has drawn increasing domestic interest and awareness that the cultural heritage contributes to building cultural identity and vitalizing tourism has led to increasing the demand of a local government's role in management of the state-designated cultural heritage and even fighting for hegemony in securing the cultural objects between the central and local governments. Despite the continuing efforts for improving the selection process of cultural heritage and its management institution, establishment of an advanced objective system has been requested. This paper is intended to suggest the policy direction through demonstrating the problem and assignment caused in the process of implementing the Buried Cultural Properties Act and reviews the State Ownership of Excavated Cultural Heritage System from the legal point of view accordingly. First, I suggest improving the selection process of the state-owned cultural properties. Even though current law states that Administrator of Cultural Heritage Administration reviews the research reports and selects the possible candidates for the state-owned cultural properties almost all the cultural objects listed on the reports are practically selected. In this regard, two possible resolutions can be made; newly establishing a separate process for selecting the state-owned cultural properties after publishing the report or adding the selection process of the state-owned cultural properties during the heritage selection meeting. Either way should contribute to strengthening the impartiality and objectivity of the policy. My second suggestion is improving the operating system of the heritage selection meeting in which the cultural properties to be listed on the reports are determined. Given the present extensive assessment criteria, there is much room for certain experts' subjective opinions. Therefore, in order to enhance the fairness and credibility of the heritage selection meeting, specifying the assessment criteria and advance review of the expert list are necessary. Third, this paper suggests increasing the local government's role in management of the state-owned cultural heritage and diversifying the heritage management institution. Development of a local self-governing system has led to the increased demand for delegating the authority of the state-owned heritage management to the local governments. Along with this, the gradual improvements of public museum management raises the need for expanding the cultural benefits through increasing the local government's role in management of the state-owned heritage. Considering the fact that overall majority of the art collections housed at national or public museums is owned by the central government, developing a variety of heritage contents and vitalizing the heritage tourism are crucial. The true meaning and value of the state-owned cultural heritage hidden at the storage of a museum can be found when they are shared together with the public.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.273-280
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• 2022

Based on the MOU between Chosun University and Daegu University, this study was conducted with the aim of exploring the operation strategy of a extracurricular education program on the theme of lifelong education for the disabled in community connection. In front-line university sites, extracurricular education programs are often recognized as forms and procedures to assist in subject learning at the major or liberal arts level, but they have a very important status and identity considering that they are classified as "learning competency reinforcement support", "career psychological counseling support", "employment and start-up support", "subject-linked extracurricular education". Accordingly, the extracurricular education programs has the nature and advantage of covering not only the level of the one-time trend program itself, but also various community -linked problem-solving learning, including students' major learning and employment linkage. As part of the above, this study aims to present a strategy for the operation of a extracurricular education programs with the main theme and content of "lifelong education for the disabled" by viewing Chosun University and Daegu University. The contents of the study were largely presented as "organizational operation strategy between two universities," "operation strategy of curriculum between two universities," and "comprehensive system for extracurricular education programs operation of lifelong education for the disabled between the two universities". First, the first research content, "Organized Operation Strategy between Two Universities," was schematized in detail the process of collaborating and communicating with Chosun University's center of extracurricular activities, Daegu University Lifelong Education Center, and other committees and departments. The second research content, "The Curriculum Operation Strategy between Two Universities", is a detailed schematic diagram of the learning contents, methods, and procedures to be organized in the extracurricular education program. The third study, "Comprehensive System of extracurricular education program Operation for Lifelong Education for the Disabled between Two Universities," presents the results of synthesizing the basis elements essential for operating the extracurricular education program at the level of a roadmap. As a result of the study, it was possible to see the project tasks that could be promoted in-depth through the operation of a extracurricular education program on lifelong education for the disabled through the MOU between the two universities.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.155-180
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• 2011

This paper aims at comparing the metanarrative and East Timor's local narrative in Indonesia during the Suharto's regime. Although these history writings have different political goals, the patterns of writings are ironically similar. Both of the history writings show strong nationalistic history writing patterns. Yet, in the writings, these histories place different interpretations on the historical events. In the metanarrative, local dynamics are seen through the diagrams of the nation and nationhood. This narrative finds the roots of the "ethnie" from some kingdoms in Java and Sumatra. These kingdoms, which throve based on the Hindu-Buddhist culture, achieved a territorial unity to a degree, covering some parts of Java and Sumatra. The glorious past disappeared with the advent of the colonial rule. The metanarrative then emphasizes the unity of the ethnic groups in the archipelago, which fiercely resisted against the colonial exploitation and oppression. By this, these ethnic groups were defined as "the masses," the collective identity, which had a same goal to achieve the national independence. In addition, some local histories, which took positive attitudes toward the European forces, were simply left out from the metanarrative. All the separatist movements taking place in the republic were also described as the anti-unifying forces. On the other hand, the goal of the history-writing in East Timor was to enhance the sense of nationalism and create the perception of the "East Timorese." The fundamental aim was the separation from Indonesia. In the narrative, the nationalist politicians overcame the problem of the non-existence of any memories of the glorious past with the awakening of the idea of "the imagined gloriousness of the past if there was no colonial rule." In addition, the narrative overemphasizes the memory of the colonial rule for 450 years under the Portuguese rule in order to stress the fact that it was the colony of Portugal, not of the Netherlands. Finally, the narrative shows how the East Timorese collectively fell to the status of slaves. By this, the political leaders of East Timor evoked the notion that it was recolonized by Indonesia, under which the East Timorese were demoted to the status of slaves. This notion of "slave-master" relationship then became the motives for the independence struggles in East Timor.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.278-294
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• 2022

To date, cultural property education has seen rapid quantitative growth due to national and personal needs. However, qualitative growth is lacking. The objectives of cultural property education have not been established, and therefore, even its identity is not clear. The most pressing issue at present in cultural property education is to first set objectives. This study aimed to analyze the objectives of current cultural property education, identify the problems, and set new objectives to meet significant national and personal needs in terms of education. The problems with the objectives of current cultural property education are that the persons interested in the education do not understand the concept of the education objectives clearly and that the objectives do not contain much actual content of the education. Also, the objectives of the education do not take into account the dynamic competencies and interests of the learners and do not satisfy the changes of the times. To solve these problems, new cultural property education, called 'U.V.E.C.,' was offerred. U.V.E.C. education is aimed at understanding cultural properties, recognizing their value, and enjoying them, and at creating culture. The objectives of U.V.E.C. cultural property education were set such that they can be modified flexibly in a learner-centric way with clear and practical format and contents. Based on this direction, stepwise objectives were set including overall objectives, detailed objectives, and practice objectives, and objective cases of each step were proposed. Considering the generality of the education and the distinct characteristics of the cultural properties, the U.V.E.C. education objectives took into account the diversity of behavioral objectives, clearness in statements, the objectives of problem solving, the initiative of learners and openness for expression outcomes. The U.V.E.C. objectives are clear and specific so that teachers can enhance their pedagogical efficiency and learners are able to develop interesting and diversified competencies. In addition, it is expected that the U.V.E.C. objectives will significantly affect objective setting for education on cultural properties which have not been studied widely. Further systemic and specific studies on the contents and methods of the U.V.E.C. education would help to change the overall education on cultural properties and position the field as a new academic area.