• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.1087-1094
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was investigated hypoglycemic effects of fermented red ginseng extracts. We prepared non-fermented red ginseng extracts(R), fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum(RL) extracts, Saccharomycescerevisiae(RS) extracts, and L. plantarum mixed S. cerevisiae(RLS) extracts, examined composition of ginsenosides, SOD-like activity, and $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Ginsenoside Re was highest contents in all extracts, second was ginsenoside Rc and then ginsenoside Rb1. Concentration of these ginsenoside was showed higher in RS than in other extracts. SOD-like activity and $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory activity were shown higher in fermented red ginseng extracts than non fermented extracts. And activities of mixed fermentation extracts(RLS) higher than single fermentation extracts(RL, RS). Effects of blood glucose level, serum lipid profile and metabolic variables were evaluated in streptozotocin(STZ) induced diabetic rat. Experimental group was divided into 7 groups: normal control group(hereafter NC group), diabetes control group(DC group), positive control group treated with 50 mg/kg body weight of acarbose(PC group), treated with 300 mg/kg body weight of R, RL, RS and RLS extracts groups, respectively. Blood glucose level of DC group was maintained high level in all experimental period, but treated with red ginseng extracts groups was reduced the glucose level by R group 18.00%, RL group 28.07%, RS group 29.03%, RLS group 42.42%, respectively. The concentration of total cholesterol and triglyceride of fermented red ginseng extracts treated groups (RL, RS, RLS) was lower than non- fermented extracts group(R) DC and PC groups. The activity of ALT, AST in RLS treated groups were lower than other groups.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.313-320
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• 2014

Purpose: In this study, we investigated the effects of jaceosidin on blood glucose regulation in type 1 diabetic mice. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups; normal control (Normal), diabetes control (D-Control), diabetes low-jaceosidin (D-0.005%), and diabetes high-jaceosidin (D-0.02%). Type 1 diabetes was induced by streptozotocin and mice were then fed a diet containing jaceosidin for eight weeks. Fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzyme activities were assessed. Results: Jaceosidin supplementation for eight weeks had no effect on body weight, organ weight, and blood lipid profiles. However, jaceosidin supplementation significantly lowered fasting blood glucose level and reduced insulin resistance. We also found that jaceosidin supplementation increased antioxidant capacity by enhancement of catalase and GSH-px activities. Conclusion: These results suggest that jaceosidin could be a therapeutic candidate to ameliorate hyperglycemia through increase of antioxidant enzyme activity.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.219-224
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• 2014

In order to develop a new anti-diabetic ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitor, we compared the ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the cell-free extracts of 48 strains of yeasts isolated from Korean fermented foods, and found that Pichia burtonii Y257-7 exhibited the highest ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity of 55.6%. The ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitor was maximally produced when Pichia burtonii Y257-7 was cultured in LB broth (initial pH of 6.0) at $28^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. The ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitor, partially purified by Sephadex G-50 gel permeation chromatography and systematic solvents extraction, revealed potent hypoglycemic effects in normal rats and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats after the oral administration of starch.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.431-445
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• 2000

In general the prevalence of old people is high and frequently have multiple diseases and symtoms requiring treatment. The nature of illness in the elderly has to be faced, and drugs do have an important part in the treatment of that illness. The purpose of this study were to describe health status and medication, and to provide some basic data for elderly's health education, especially for the right medication. Body mass index, self perceived health status, activities of daily living, disease and experience of past operation were surveyed to recognize the 249 elderly's actual health status. The degree of the elderly's understanding the way of medication, experience of side effects, experience of drug combination and incidence of drug adverse reaction along with drug combination were examined for medication. The aged $women(BMI; 10.7\pm13.3\%)$ overweighed the aged $men(BMI; 4.0\pm10.4\%)$. $69.0\%$ of them recognized their health good. Their activities of daily living were diminished following by the age group(p=0.0068) and relationship with self perceived health status were very significant(p=0.0005). They(192 elderly) suffered from multiple disease such as $osteoarthritis(49.5\%)$, $hypertension(32.0\%)$, gastric $disorder(16.1%)$, $diabetes(14.6\%)$, $osteomalacia(10.9\%)$, cardiovascular $disease(9.9\%)$, senile $cataract(5.7\%)$, skin $rash(5.2\%)$, liver $disease(4.2\%)$, kidney $disease(3.6\%)$, spinal cord $problem(3.6\%)$, respiratory $disease(2.1\%)$ $tuberculosis(1.0\%)\;etc(1.0\%).$ $28.3\%$ of them replied that they had an operation for appendictis senile cataract, peptic ulcer, spinal cord problem, pleurisy, hemorrhoid and the rest. Most of $them(87.4\%)$ knew the way very well how to use drugs, and $21.6\%$ of the replied 171 elderly experienced adverse drug reaction. Drug compliance rate were $high(83.6\%)$. In our study 56.9% of the 167 elderly took several medicine together. And $18.9\%$ of the 95 elderly who did drug combination had an experience of drug interaction. One person kept average 5.5 kinds of drugs at home among 243 elderly. They kept $digestives(79.4\%)$, $ointments(68.7\%)$, $vitamins(59.7\%)$, $analgesics(59.7\%)$, cold $medicines(45.3\%)$ antiarthritic $drugs(33.3\%)$, health $foods(27.7\%)$, antihypertensive $drugs(25.1\%)$, anti peptic ulcer $drugs(24.7\%)$, $laxatives(19.8\%)$, $antacids(16.5\%),\;antibiotics(l6.5\%)$, hypoglycemic $agents(10.3\%)$, cardiac $stimulants(7.0\%)$, $diuretics(4.5\%)$, antiarrhythmic $drugs(4.9\%)$, anti anginal $drugs(4.1\%)$, $hypnotics(3.3\%)$, $etc(38.3\%)$. With this result, we ascertain that polypharmacy in the elderly caused by multiple disease is common, which lead to drug interaction. So our task is to educate elderly how to use drugs in order to maximize their efficiency and to minimize their adverse effects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.136-143
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• 1986

These studies were carried out to investigate effects of Lycii fructus extract on experimentally CC14-induced liver damage and alloxan-induced diabetes in rabbits and acute toxicity using mice. $LD_{50}(mg/kg)$ of Lycii fructus extract(L.F.E.) was 12.17g/kg by intraperitoneal administration in mice. L.F.E. showed more rapid recuperation compared to the control group in CC14-intoxicated rabbits and 800mg/kg was the most effective. Especially GPT activity and total bilirubin level showed an apparant decreasing effect within 6 days and 8 days, respectively in 800mg/kg. But any differences were not observed in alkaline phosphatase and total cholesterol between sample and control group. Large amount administered group exhibited more excellent hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetes of rabbits, that is, it was significant to the control group after 4 days and adjacent to the normal level on 12th day. And GPT activity was gradually decreased and showed clear decreasing effect after 6 days. It is suggested that L.F.E. can be administered not only as therapeutic agents (such as liver tonics or antidiabetetics) but also a natural food to shorten the recovery time of hepatic function in liver diseases and decrease the abnormally elevated blood glucose such as Diabetes Mellitus.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.713-719
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• 2003

The effects of butanol (BuOH) fraction of Alisma canaliculatum (Ac) with vitamin E in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were determined. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups: normal, STZ-control, and 3 diabetic-experimental groups. Diabetes mellitus was induced by injection of STZ (45 mg/kg) into the tail vein. The BuOH fraction of Ac and vitamin E were administrated orally in experimental rats for 21 days: Ac group (400 mg/kg), Ac-VE group (Ac 400 mg/kg & vitamin E 10 mg/kg), and VE group (vitamin E 10 mg/kg). The body weight losses were seen in all groups except normal, and the decrements in experimental groups were less than that in diabetic-control group. The plasma glucose levels were significantly lower in Ac group compared to STZ-control group on 21 day (p<0.05). The plasma level of insulin was slightly higher in AC-VE group than other diabetic groups. The plasma cholesterol levels of diabetic-experimental groups were significantly lower than those of STZ-control group on 14 day (p<0.05). ALT and AST activities of diabetic-experimental groups were significantly lower than that of STZ-control group (p<0.05). The results suggested that the BuOH fraction of Ac might possess hypoglycemic properties in STZ-induced diabetic rats and no synergistic effect of vitamin E was seen during the experimental period.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.1231-1244
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to report the glucose-lowering effect and safety of herbal extracts in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: We investigated 21 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were administered Daeshiho-tang, Bojungikgi-tang, Jowiseunggi-tang, and Hoechunyanggyeok-san at Kyung-Hee University Korean Medical Hospital from 2014 to 2019. The hypoglycemic effect of the herbal extracts was assessed by comparing blood glucose levels, including fasting blood sugar (FBS) and 2-hour postprandial glucose (PP2) levels. For safety assessment, the effects of herbal extracts on liver and kidney function were analyzed by liver function tests, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and kidney function tests, including blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr). Patients were stratified according to their glycated hemoglobin (<6.5 or >6.5) levels and the kind of herbal extract used for treatment. Results: After administration of herbal extracts, FBS and PP2 significantly decreased to 20.24 mg/dL and 35.0 mg/dL respectively. Subgroup analysis revealed that, regardless of the glycated hemoglobin level, FBS and PP2 were significantly reduced in both groups. The safety profile showed no significant difference before and after taking herbal extracts. Conclusions: Daeshigo-tang, Bojungikgi-tang, Jowiseunggi-tang, and Hoechunyanggyeok-san may show the further glucose-lowering effects on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have already treated with anti-hyperglycemic agents.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.253-259
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• 2019

Prostate cancer(PrCa) is a leading cause of cancer-related death in man. Medicinal plants are exploited for many drugs to treat various ailments. The drugs derived from the plants promote health, augmented the resistance of the body against disease. Pueraia lobata(wild) Ohwi(P. Lobata), kudzu, which is a twining perennial woody herb native to China, Korea, Japan, India, and the United States. Plants such as Moringa oleifera, have hypoglycemic properties and other beneficial properties. The objective of the study was to analyze the effects of kadzu and moringa, natural plant products on antioxidant activity and proliferation of the hormone-sensitive prostate cancer LNCaP cells. MTT assay, flow cytometry analysis were employed to investigate the anticancer mechanism and DPPH assay was determined to the antioxidant activity to scavenge free radicals in extract of these. All two extracts showed significantly antioxidant activity at 10 and 50mg/ml of concentration. kadzu and moringa reduced LNCaP cell viability in a dose dependent manner. Specially moringa extract was more potent cytotoxic than kadzu extract. Statistical analyses revealed kadzu and moringa exhibited significantly higher (P < 0.05) cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity in LNCaP. The finding of this study provides a scientific basis for using kadzu and moringa in future development of chemotherapeutic drugs against hormone-sensitive prostate cancer.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.171-178
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• 2003

Drug interactions with food, on occasion, lead to serious nutritional and functional changes in the body as well as alterations of pharmacological effect. It, therefore, should be necessary to take drug interactions with food into consideration for effective and safe therapeutics. Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterzed by abnormal glucose homeostasis, resulting in hyperglycemia, and is associated with increased risk of microvascular, macrovascular, and neuropathic complications. However, the precise mechanism of diabetes mellitus remains unclear. Three basic objectives in the care of diabetic patients are maintaining optimal nutrition, avoiding hypo- or hyperglycemia and preventing complications. Laminaria japonica is a brown macroalgae which can be used as a functional diet due to high content of diatery fiber. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Laminaria japonica diet on the pharmacokinetics of metformin which are frequently used in the treatment of diabetes. Diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin were employed in this study. Blood concentrations of oral hypoglycemic agent, metformin, were measured by HPLC and resultant pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by RSTRIP. The mechanisms of drug interaction with food were evaluated on the basis of pharmacokinetic parameters such as $k_{a},\;t_{1/2},\;C_{max},\;t_{max}$, and AUC. Administration of metformin in normal and diabetic rats treated with Laminaria japonica diet showed significant decrease in AUC, $C_{max},\;and\;k_a$, and increase in $t_{max}$, compared to those with normal diet. This might result from adsortion of metformin on components of Laminaria japonica, causing delayed absorption. The oral glucose test showed that Laminaria japonica diet could lower blood glucose level probably through either inhibiting the activity of disaccharidases, intestinal digestive enzymes, or delaying the absorption of glucose. More studies should be followed to fully understand pharmacokinetic changes of metformin caused by long-term Laminaria japonica diet.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.153-160
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• 2016

The objective was to investigate the hypoglycemic action of catalpol in spontaneous diabetes db/db mice. 40 db/db mice were randomly divided into five groups: model control gourp; db/db plus catalpol 40, 80, 120 mg/kg body wt. groups and db/db plus metformin 250 mg/kg group. Age-matched db/m mice were selected as normal control group. The mice were administered with corresponding drugs or solvent by gavage for 4 weeks. The oral glucose tolerance test was carried out at the end of $3^{rd}$ week. After 4 weeks of treatment, the concentrations of fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated serum protein (GSP), insulin (INS), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and adiponection (APN) in serum were detected. The protein expressions of phosphorylation-$AMPK{\alpha}$1/2 in liver, phosphorylation-$AMPK{\alpha}$1/2 and glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) in skeletal muscle and adipose tissues were detected by western blot. Real time RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expressions of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and Hydroxymethyl glutaric acid acyl CoA reductase (HMGCR) in liver. Our results showed that catalpol could significantly improve the insulin resistance, decrease the serum concentrations of INS, GSP, TG, and TC. The concentrations of APN in serum, the protein expression of phosphorylation-$AMPK{\alpha}$1/2 in liver, phosphorylation-$AMPK{\alpha}$1/2 and GLUT-4 in peripheral tissue were increased. Catalpol could also down regulate the mRNA expressions of ACC and HMGCR in liver. In conclusion, catalpol ameliorates diabetes in db/db mice. It has benefit effects against lipid/glucose metabolism disorder and insulin resistance. The mechanism may be related to up-regulating the expression of phosphorylation-$AMPK{\alpha}$1/2.