• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.142-151
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• 2003

To induce bone formation at ectopic site by tissue engineering and gene therapy, we transplanted collagen sponges containing rhBMP-7 transduced HEK 293 cells in the hypodermis of nude mice. Bone formation was investigated by histological and electron microscopic method at 3, 6, and 9 weeks after transplantation. At 9 weeks after transplantation, eosinophilic bony tissue was observed in the implanted collagen sponge and was confirmed as bone tissue by Von Kossa stain. In the transmission electron microscopic observation, the cells in newly formed bone tissue had eccentrically located nucleus and well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER). Therefore, the cells were evaluated as osteoblasts. Those results suggest that it is possible to form a bone tissue in the ectopic site by transplantation of rhBMP-7 transduced HEK 293 cells. This will be contributed to push more advanced gene therapy for bone formation. However, the HEK 293 cell is unable to apply to the clinical gene therapy. Therefore it is worth to find more compatible cells for clinical application. In addition, collagen sponge is considered as an excellent scaffold and/or carrier for gene therapy and a good biomaterial for tissue engineering.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.256-260
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• 2008

This study was conducted to response the photosynthetic rate and anatomical characters in one year ginseng plant against the light transmission ratio (10%, 20% and 30% in natural light) under shading materials by polyethylene (PE) net. The chlorophyll content and the photosynthesis of ginseng according to the light transmissivity showed decreasing trend as the light transmission ratio increased. At the higher light transmission ratio condition, leaves showed the chlorosis due to the physiological disorder, stems formed hypodermis, and phloem development inside the vascular tissue shrunk remarkably. Also, roots showed the epidermis destruction and less cambium development at the higher light intensity. The root weight also decreased as the light transmission ratio increased.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.41-46
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• 2016

Objectives : The Skin is composed of multiple layers, including the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. It provides a vital barrier structure that protects vertebrates from external environmental antigens, solvents, ultraviolet light, microorganisms, toxins, and weather conditions. Although several biological effects of Mori Follium have been reported, beneficial effects of Mori Follium in skin health remain unclear. In this study, we prepared water extract of Mori Follium (MLE) and evaluated the effects on melanin accumulation and expression levels of skin fibril-related proteins.Methods : The cytotoxicities of MLE in B16F10 melanoma and human skin fibroblasts (HSF) were examined by MTT assay. Inhibitory effect of MLE on the α-MSH- and IBMX-induced melanosis in B16F10 melanoma was examined. The expression levels of fibronectin, collagen 1α2, and CCN2 in MLE-treated HSF were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymer chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting.Results : The MLE treatment for 24 h did not affect to the B16F10 and HSF at concentrations of 1, 10, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 ㎍/ml. The MLE treatment for 72 h significantly and dose dependently suppressed melanin accumulation in B16F10 melanoma. In addition, the MLE treatment up-regulated expression levels of skin fibril-related genes such as fibronectin, collagen 1α2, and CCN2 in HSF. Our western blot analysis revealed MLE-induced up-regulation of skin fibril-related genes required the activation of CCN2 protein.Conclusions : In conclusion, these findings suggest that the MLE could be used in development of cosmetic natural material of maintaining healthy skin.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.469-478
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• 2012

Sex hormones have long been considered to play an important role in bone turnover rate, periodontal diseases, and wound healing. We have studied the effect of porcine testis steroid extract (PTSE), an extract of porcine testes, which holds a good ratio of 19-nortestosterone (nandrolone), testosterone, androstenedione, $17{\beta}$-estradiol, and estrone, on the healing rate of a standardized full-thickness linear wound on the back of the rat. Skin punch or carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) laser methods were used to create the deep skin injury in two groups of animals. The animals were treated with the PTSE cream, control cream and Vaseline (control) to find out the effect in re-epithelialization, contraction, and formation of granulation and scar tissues. Histological examination after 21 days showed 100, 87.4, and 80.5% recovery of epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, respectively in the PTSE-treated animals. Similarly, on the 15th day of treatment, complete healing of intact skin was observed in the PTSE cream-treated animals among the laser radiation group. Even though the beginning of re-epithelialization phase and completion of serum crust formation was also observed in the base cream- and Vaseline-treated animals respectively, the complete healing cycle was observed only in the PTSE-treated group. The white blood cell count in the PTSE-treated group showed that PTSE cream is nontoxic to animals.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.91-99
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• 2014

Leaf anatomical study of Pinus thunbergii collected from 12 different coastal regions of Korea was conducted to understand the adaptive variation on leaf traits. Basic anatomical features are typical pine needle type with fibrous epidermis, 2-3 layered hypodermis, sunken stomata, monomorphic mesophyll, and well-represented bundle sheath. The bundle sheath surrounds a couple of vascular bundle separated by parenchyma bands. On the basis of their position, the resin ducts are of three types; external, medial and internal of the bundle sheath. The total number of resin ducts in all samples varies from 4 to 12. The stomata were found on stomatal bands throughout the leaf surface. Important dissimilarities observed on P. thunburgii leaf are the number and position of resin ducts and the number of stomata rows in leaf surface.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.370-373
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• 2010

Preharvest treatment with 4% ethyl oleate on 'Merlot' ($Vitis$ $vinifera$ L.) grape reduced the thickness of the epidermal and hypodermal layers with significantly enhanced pigmentation. Thickness of the skin in treated berries was $90-107{\mu}m$, whereas those in control berries were $126-189{\mu}m$. Decreases in the thickness of epidermal and hypodermal cell layers seemed to be due to cellular death or dehydration by rapid senescence after the treatment. Immediate change observed in treated berries was the deformation of the wax that appeared melted resulting in color improvement. Total anthocyanin was also increased by ethyl oleate treatment. Separate forms of anthocyanins, acylated and methoxylated anthocyanins increased, whereas hydroxylated anthocyanins tended to decrease.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.91-96
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• 2013

We report a method for optical monitoring of tumors in an animal model using optical coherence tomography (OCT). In a spectral domain OCT system, a superluminescent diode light source with a full width of 66 nm at half maximum and peak wavelength of 950 nm was used to take images having an axial resolution of 6.8 ${\mu}m$. Cancer cells of PC-3 were cultured and inoculated into the hypodermis of auricle tissues in BALB/c nude mice. We observed tumor formation and growth at the injection region of cancer cells in vivo and obtained the images of tumor mass center and sparse circumferences. On the $5^{th}$ day from an inoculation of cancer cells, histological images of the tumor region using cross-sectional slicing and dye staining of specimens were taken in order to confirm the correlation with the high resolution OCT images. The OCT image of tumor mass compared with normal tissues was analyzed using its A-scan data so as to obtain a tissue attenuation rate which increases according to tumor growth.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.11-18
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• 2018

Objectives : Saururus chinensis and Houttuynia cordata (Saururaceae) are perennial herbs using for medicinal purposes in Korea. The objectives of this study are to compare anatomical key characters between two medicinal plants and to provide fundamental information for the identification of two herbal medicines by using anatomical features. Methods : Cross-sections of root, rhizome, stem, petiole, and leaf for each species were observed in this study. Materials were analyzed through dehydration, paraffin embedding and micro-sectioning, and double staining with Safranin O and Fast-Green FCF. Observations of permanent preparation were conducted using light microscope. Results : S. chinensis and H. cordata were distinguished with anatomical differentiations; Idioblasts with essential oil were scattered in the parenchyma cell of cortex, pith, and phloem of S. chinensis, on the other hand, in H. cordata, idioblasts were distributed ring-shaped in the cortex of the root. S. chinensis had two cycles of vascular bundles in the stem while H. cordata had one cycle. Hypodermis layer was conspicuous in a stem of H. cordata, crystals were observed the only parenchyma in a stem of S. chinensis, and epidermal oil cells were developed in the epidermis of H. cordata. S. chinensis had air cavity at the cortex and pith of the stem. The shape of cross-section was polygonal in the stem of S. chinensis and was circular in the stem of H. cordata. Conclusions : We investigated anatomical study of Korean S. chinensis and H. cordata. To identify two herbal medicines, we considered main anatomical features and provided identification key here.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.353-359
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• 2000

'Yumyeong' is one of the most popular peach varieties in Korea. This study was conducted to monitor the developments of cells and tissues, and the changes in sugar contents during fruit growth and development. At bloom, there were two rows of vascular tissues, and the number and the position of internal vascular bundles were consistent during the fruit growth, however, the number of vascular tissues were increased and the distribution was irregular in the flesh tissues. The tissues between the inner integument and the internal vascular bundles showed different development characteristics from other parenchyma cells which were consisted of small and dense cells containing tannins. Such observation suggested that the stone of peach was consisted of inner epidermis and cells in the internal vascular tissues. The outer epidermis consisted of single layer cells at bloom differrentiated into 1-2 layers by horizontal cell divisions on 14 days after full bloom. On 30 days after full bloom, the epidermis was consisted of 5-6 layers by vertical cell divisions. The cell layers consisting the outer epidermis were gradually decreased to 1-2 layers at maturity. The observations on the changes in the epidermis confirmed that some of the cells consisting the hypodermis of peach fruit were originated from the cells of outer epidermis. Tylosis was observed from 35 days after full bloom and the size and number of tylosis were increased until full fruit maturity. The sucrose content showed the tendency of sharp increase from 50 days to 120 days after full bloom then decrease slightly. After when stone hardening ended, other solids showed a gradual decrease tendency from 80 days after full bloom.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.87-98
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• 2002

This study was conducted to evaluate the safety of a recombinant human Factor VIII(GC-$\gamma$ AHF) manufactured by Korea Green Cross Company with different technology according to the Regulation of Korean Food and Drug Administration (l 998. 12. 3). In acute toxicity test, both genders of Sprague-Dawley rats and Beagle dogs were administered intravenously with GC-$\gamma$ AHF of three doses (3,125, 625 and 125 IU/kg), and single dose of 3,125 IU/kg, respectively. No dead animal and abnormal autopsy findings were found in Control and GC-$\gamma$ AHF treated group. Therefore, the 50% lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) of GC-$\gamma$ AHF was conidered to be higher than 3,125 IU/kg in rats and dogs. In the four weeks repeated intravenous toxicity study, GC-$\gamma$ AHF was administrated intravenosly to both genders of rats and dogs with 3 doses (500, 150, 50 IU/kg). There were neither dead animals nor significant changes of body weights during the experimental Period. In addition, no significant GC-$\gamma$ AHF related changes were found in clinical sign, urinalysis and other finding. Statistically changes were observed in hematological, biochemical and organ weight parameters of treated groups: however these changes were not dose dependent. No histopathological lesion were observed in both control and treated animals. Above data suggest that no observed adverse effect level of test materials in rats and dogs might be over 500 IU/kg/day in this study. In ocular irritation test, any injury on iris, conjunctiva and cornea in rabbits were not observed. The acute ocular irritation index (A.O.I.), mean ocular irritation index (M.O.I.) and Day-7 individual ocular irritation Index (I.O.I.) of GC-$\gamma$ AHF were 0. In the primary skin Irritation test, the primary irritation index (P.I.I.) oj GC-$\gamma$ AHF were 0. Therefore, the GC-$\gamma$ AHF is considered not to have the primary skin and eye toxicity in rabbits. In active systemic anaphylaxis (ASA) test, GC-$\gamma$ AHF and GC-$\gamma$ AHF emulsified with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) did not induce any symptom of anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs. In passive cutaneous anaphylxis (PCA) test, after sensitization with antisera of GC-$\gamma$ AHF sensitized mice, blue spots were observed on the hypodermis of back of rats, but diameter of each spot was smaller than 5 mm in each test groups except the positive control group. Based on the results of this study, GC-$\gamma$ AHF is not conidered to have any antigenic potential. In conclusion, at levels of up to 500 IU/kg, GC-$\gamma$ AHF did not produce treatment-related toxicity under the conditions of these acute-, four week repeated-toxicity, primary skin and eye toxicity, and antigenicity test.