• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• no.12
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• pp.37-45
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• 1970

The processing management forms of our country's filature factories in 1969 are summarized as follows. (1) About 80％ of total cocoon collection is made within 5 days involving peak day, and 10％ of cocoon collection is finished until 3 days before and after the peak day, (2) About 92％ of alive cocoons transported on unpaved road, and about 40％ of the cocoons purchased by all factories are loaded on trucks from common selling station which is far beyond 40km, therefore a new packing system of alive cocoons to drop the damage of cocoon qualities, should be taken. (3) 22％ of all factories in our. country have only low-temperature cocoon drying machine. Therefore the installment of hot-air cocoon drying machine is required urgently. (4) In view of cocoon qualities in our country, the grouping method of cocoon for reeling. taken by about 50％ of the factories at percent, which classify cocoons for reeling as high group (1,2,3,4 grades) and low group(5,6 grades), will have to be replaced by the method tat classify them high group (1,2 grades) middle group (3,4 grades), low group (5,6 grades). (5) The .ratio of cocoon assorting stood about 10％ in multi-ends reeling, about 15％ in automatic reeling, conclusively, the ratio of cocoon assorting for automatic reeling was higher tan that for multi-ends reeling. One person's ability for a day in cocoon assorting reaches to about 80-100kg. (6) Cocoon cooking condition requires the increase of the cooking time, the pressure and temperature used to be prolonged as much as the qualities of cocoons are material cocoon ior automatic and double cocoon machines are treated uncompletely. (7) Automatic silk reeling is being performed at 1-2$^{\circ}C$ lower in reeling water temperature and operated at about twice velocity. (8) The temperature and humidity of rereeling room stood at 25$^{\circ}C$, 67.2％ R.H and 32.3$^{\circ}C$, 51.9％ R.H of rereeling machine are showed, Average rereeling velocity is 233m/min and large reefs charged for one person are 7.5 reels and form of skein used in all factories is double skein. (9) About 73％ of water sources for filature used under-earth water. About 48％ of all filature factories in our country have not yet water purifying equipments. Installation of the equipment for these factories seems to be urgent, (10) Denier .balance, sizing reel, seriplane, are being used in most factories as self-inspection apparatus. (11) More than 90％ of the factories use the vacum tank in rereeling process and about 20％ of them use it in cocoon cooing process (12) Only 21％ of the factories use chemicals in filature process. About all them use "Seracol 100" in cocoon cooking process and "Seracol 500" in rereeling process, (13) Above survey results explain each all factories show large difference in the processing management. Therefore, it is believed that intercommunication through seminar or technical exchange will contribute to the production evaluation of cocoon in our filature industry.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.4323-4337
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• 1977

The study was to estimate the effect of the rise of water temperature in the warm water pool and to make contribution to the establishment of reducing to a damage of cool water as well as to the planning for warm water pool. This observation was performed in Wudu warm water pool located at Wudu-Dong of Chuncheon for two years from 1975 to 1976. The results were showed as follows; 1. The daily variation of water temperature was the least for inset (No.1; 0.6$^{\circ}C$) the second for middle overflow (No2: 3$^{\circ}C$, No.3; 2.3$^{\circ}C$) and another for outflet (No.4; 3.6$^{\circ}C$, No.5; 3.8$^{\circ}C$) And the highest reaching time of water temperature in each block was later about 1 hour than the time at which air temperature happend in the daytime. So, the variation of water temperature was sensitive to the variation of air temperature 2. The monthly variation of water temperature at each measuring point was plotted to be increased with increase in air temperature till August (Mean monthly rising degree; No.1; 1.15$^{\circ}C$, No.2; 1.7$^{\circ}C$, No.3; 1.73$^{\circ}C$, No.4; 2.08$^{\circ}C$, No.5; 2.0$^{\circ}C$), and expressed gradually descended influence upon water temperature after August. 3. The mean temperature of inflow folwed in warm Water pool was 7.5∼12.5$^{\circ}C$, and outflow temperature was described as 13.4∼22.5$^{\circ}C$ to be climbed. And So, the rising interval of water temperature was shown as 6.7∼10.4$^{\circ}C$. 4. The correlation between the rising of water temperature and the weather condition was found out highly significant. As the result, their correlation coefficents of water temperature depending on mean air temperature, ground temperature, wind velocity and relative humidity were to be 0.93, 0.90, - 0.83 and 0.71 respectively. But there was no confrimation of the correlation on the clouds, sunlight time, volume of evaporation, and heat capacity of horizontal place. 5. The water temperature of balance during the period of rice growing in Chuncheon district was shown as table 10, and the mean of whole period was calculated as about 23.7$^{\circ}C$. 6. The observed value of the outflow temperature passed through the warm water pool was higher than that of computed, the mean difference between two value was marked as 1.15$^{\circ}C$ for blockl, 1.18$^{\circ}C$ for block2, and 0.47$^{\circ}C$ for block3, respectivly. Therefore, the ratio on the rising degree between the observed and computed were shown as 53%, 44%, and 18%, mean 38% through each block warm water pool (referring item $\circled9$ of table 11,12, and 13). Accordingly, formula (4) in order to fit for each block warm water pool was transfromed as follow; {{{{ { theta }_{w } - { theta }_{ 0} =[1-exp LEFT { { 1-(1+2 varphi )} over {cp } CDOT { A} over { q} RIGHT } ] TIMES ( { theta }_{w } - { theta }_{ 0}) TIMES C }}}} Here, correction coefficinent was computed 1.38, and being substituted 1.38 for C in preceding formula, the expected water temperature will be calculated to be able to irrigate the rice paddy. As the result, we can apply the coefficient in order to plan and to construct a new warm water pool.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.303-313
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• 2008

This research is aimed to investigate the cultivation method of oyster mushroom[Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) Kummer] at the non-sterilized medium with $Ca(OH)_2$ treatment. Therefore, experiments were carried out to develop non-sterilization method of medium by addition of $Ca(OH)_2$ for omission of heat sterilization progress of medium. General components, minerals and amino acid in Jiri wild type No. 1 (Pleurotus ostreatus) and production cost were analyzed. For the purpose of omission of heat sterilization progress, treatment ratio of $Ca(OH)_2$ (purity 95%) was 5%(w/w) of dry medium. Initial pH of this medium was 11 and then the pH was changed by 9 after the uniform mixing of the medium for half an hour. The various germs occurred 50% and 100% at pH 8 and pH 7 of the non-sterilized medium, respectively. Production of oyster mushroom increased by $2,030\;ton\;ha^{-1}$ when the main raw material used corn pith instead of waste cotton. The time required of mycelium culture was 30 days when hypha was cultured at the non-sterilized medium, and pinhead occurred when 2 or 3 days was passed after the time required of mycelium culture. Occurrence of pinhead was most rapid at the condition of $22{\sim}26^{\circ}C$, 65% humidity and pH $6.5{\sim}7.0$ and required of $22{\sim}28$ days at $70{\sim}80\;mm$ thickness of non-sterilized medium. Ca content in 1st harvest oyster mushroom was higher than that in 2nd harvest one, and its difference was $30.3\;mg\;kg^{-1}$. Amino acid content by stipe thickness of oyster mushroom was ranged from 411.2 to $343.9\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ both in a pileus and a stipe of 1st harvest mushroom, and from 402.4 to $498.2\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ and from 442.6 to $470.4\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ in those of 2nd harvest one, respectively. The results of the present study suggest that the non-sterilization medium by addition of $Ca(OH)_2$ is usable with the cultivation of oyster mushroom.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.105-113
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• 2001

This study was conducted to reveal the effects of local climatic conditions on the vegetative growth in a mature stand of Korean white pine based on climatic estimates. For this, the annual increments of stand variables such as DBH, height, basal area and volume were measured and estimated for seven years from 1974 to 1980. The local climatic conditions in the study site were also estimated by both a topoclimatological method and a spatial statistical technique. The local climatic conditions were then correlated with and regressed on the growth factors to reveal the relationships between the climatic estimates and the growth. It is found that relatively high temperatures had positive effects on the diameter growth. The yearly diameter growth increased when each of mean, maximum, and minimum temperature during the growing season was high. Height growth showed positively significant correlation with three climatic variables. The most important variable influencing height growth was the average of maximum temperature for 10 months from January to October. It means that the higher the average of maximum temperature for 10 months from January to October is, the more height growth of Korean white pine increases. Other climatic variables related to height growth were average of minimum temperature for 3 months in the early growing season and mean relative humidity for the growing season. Six climatic variables related to temperature had effects on basal area increment and all of them were positively correlated with basal area increment. Especially, temperatures from January to March were important factors affecting the basal area increment. In volume increment, high correlation was also recognized with most of temperature variables. This tendency was the same as the results in diameter and hight increments. This means that the volume growth increases when temperatures during the growing season are relatively high.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.181-189
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• 1983

A study on the qualify changes of fish meat during drying and storage has been carried out with filefish meat. Filefish meat was dried in a forced air dryer at 40 and $55\%$ for 20 hours with an air velocity of 0.4 m/sec under different conditions of relative air humidities in the range of 10 to $50\%$. The dried fish meat was stored at $30^{\circ}C$ in chambers with constant relative humidities controlled by the use of conditioned air stream passing through the saturated salt solutions. The qualify of filefish meat was evaluated with the brown color densities developed by lipid oxidation and Maillard reaction. Changes of viable cell count during drying and storage were also discussed. The predominant reaction for the brown color developed during the study period was the lipid oxidation. The lipid oxidation rate during drying at constant temperature was appreciably affected by water activities at the drying surfaces of filefish meat during the falling drying rate period. The lipid oxidation rate was the slowest under the condition of the relative air humidity of around $30\%$. In samples stored at water activity of 0.33, the lipid oxidation rate was retarded remarkably in comparison with the samples with lower or higher water activities. The addition of $1\%$ table salt, $1.5\%$ D-sorbitol and $6\%$ sucrose slightly lowered the water activity with the slowest lipid oxidation rate. Such additives resulted the increase of the water soluble brown color densities, which seemed due to the increase of mobility of the water soluble substances by the result of the increase of equilibrium water content. Microflora of the samples immediately after drying consisted of ca. $30\%$ of coccus types, ca. $65\%$ of rod types and ca. $5\%$ of molds and yeasts. During the storage of the samples with a water activity of 0.76, the ratio of the coccus types to the total microflora was increased remarkably while that of the Gram negative non-spore rod types was decreased. The ratios of the Gram positive rod types, molds and yeasts during the storage were nearly constant.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.260-268
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of light quality using either monochromatic or combined LEDs on the growth and antioxidant accumulation of Agastache rugosa cultivated under hydroponics for 4 weeks. This experiment was performed in a controlled-environment room at $22{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ and $18{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ (day and night temperatures, respectively) and 50-70% relative humidity, with a provided photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of $180{\pm}5{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ and irradiated with either monochromatic (W10 and R10) or mixed LEDs (W2B1G1, R3B1, R2B1G1, and W2B1G1) with a differing ratio of each LED's PPFD and fluorescent lighting (FL: control) with a 16/8 h photoperiod. Fresh and dry weights were highest for plants grown under the W2B1G1 treatment. A. rugosa grown with R10 had the greatest plant height but the lowest SPAD among all treatments. The concentration of rosmarinic acid in plants grown under W2B1G1 was significantly higher than that of plants grown under other treatments. Tilianin content was significantly higher in R3B1 than in the other treatments. However, whole-plant rosmarinic acid and tilianin content was the highest under the W2B1G1 condition. To cultivate A. rugosa in a plant factory, mixed-LED light conditions with W2B1G1 is considered to be more advantageous for the growth and antioxidant accumulation of A. rugosa. It is though that the total whole-plant antioxidant content is more crucial for commercial use; the present study demonstrates the potential to achieve higher content of functional materials in plants through the selection of light quality.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.94-131
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• 2007

A review on the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineering in 2004 and 2005 has been done. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, air-conditioning, ventilation, sanitation and building environment. The conclusions are as follows. (1) Most of fundamental studies on fluid flow were related with heat transportation of facilities. Drop formation and rivulet flow on solid surfaces were interesting topics related with condensation augmentation. Research on micro environment considering flow, heat, humidity was also interesting for comfortable living environment. It can be extended considering biological aspects. Development of fans and blowers of high performance and low noise were continuing topics. Well developed CFD and flow visualization(PIV, PTV and LDV methods) technologies were widely applied for developing facilities and their systems. (2) The research trends of the previous two yews are surveyed as groups of natural convection, forced convection, electronic cooling, heat transfer enhancement, frosting and defrosting, thermal properties, etc. New research topics introduced include natural convection heat transfer enhancement using nanofluid, supercritical cooling performance or oil miscibility of $CO_2$, enthalpy heat exchanger for heat recovery, heat transfer enhancement in a plate heat exchanger using fluid resonance. (3) The literature for the last two years($2004{\sim}2005$) is reviewed in the areas of heat pump, ice and water storage, cycle analysis and reused energy including geothermal, solar and unused energy). The research on cycle analysis and experiments for $CO_2$ was extensively carried out to replace the Ozone depleting and global warming refrigerants such as HFC and HCFC refrigerants. From the year of 2005, the Gas Engine Heat Pump(GHP) has been paid attention from the viewpoint of the gas cooling application. The heat pipe was focused on the performance improvement by the parametric analysis and the heat recovery applications. The storage systems were studied on the performance enhancement of the storage tank and cost analysis for heating and cooling applications. In the area of unused energy, the hybrid systems were extensively introduced and the life cycle cost analysis(LCCA) for the unused energy systems was also intensively carried out. (4) Recent studies of various refrigeration and air-conditioning systems have focused on the system performance and efficiency enhancement. Heat transfer characteristics during evaporation and condensation are investigated for several tube shapes and of alternative refrigerants including carbon dioxide. Efficiency of various compressors and expansion devices are also dealt with for better modeling and, in particular, performance improvement. Thermoelectric module and cooling systems are analyzed theoretically and experimentally. (5) According to the review of recent studies on ventilation systems, an appropriate ventilation systems including machenical and natural are required to satisfied the level of IAQ. Also, an recent studies on air-conditioning and absorption refrigeration systems, it has mainly focused on distribution and dehumidification of indoor air to improve the performance were carried out. (6) Based on a review of recent studies on indoor environment and building service systems, it is noticed that research issues have mainly focused on optimal thermal comfort, improvement of indoor air Quality and many innovative systems such as air-barrier type perimeter-less system with UFAC, radiant floor heating and cooling system and etc. New approaches are highlighted for improving indoor environmental condition as well as minimizing energy consumption, various activities of building control and operation strategy and energy performance analysis for economic evaluation.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.327-336
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• 2016

The Bagan, the central part of Myanmar, is dry zone where the mean annual precipitation is less than 600 mm for the last ten years. Forest in this region has been degraded due to biotic and abiotic disturbances. While there have been various efforts to rehabilitate the degraded area, the information on growth and physiological characteristics of planting species and the impacts of planting trees in the region still lacks. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the growth and physiological water use efficiency characteristics of five species (Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Acacia catechu Willd., Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn., Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. and Albizia lebbek (L.) Willd.) which are utilized as rehabilitation species in the dry zone and to identify the impacts of tree planting on microclimate change in dry zone. The growth and the foliar carbon isotope composition of seedlings and the above mentioned five species planted in 2005 were measured. And from February 2015 to January 2016, microclimatic factors air temperature and relative humidity at 60 cm and 2 m above soil, soil temperature, soil water contents and precipitation were measured at every 30-minute interval from the two weather stations installed in the plantation located in Ngalinpoke Mt. Range. One was established in the center of A. indica plantation, and the other was in the barren land fully exposed to the sunlight. Among the five species, A. indica and A. lebbek which showed higher water use efficiency could be recommended as rehabilitation species in dry zone. Planting trees in the dry area was shown to affect the change of microclimate with shading effects, declining temperature of the land surface and aridity of the air, and to contribute to conserving more water in soil by preventing direct evaporation and containing more water with fine roots of trees.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.335-343
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• 2010

Objectives: To compared the effect of different levels of moisture of root canal on the sealing ability after filling with four different types of sealer. Materials and Methods: Single-rooted teeth (n = 90) instrumented to and apical size of 0.06 / 45 were randomly assigned to 12 experimental groups (n = 7 per group), positive/negative control groups (n = 3 per group). The teeth of the experimental groups (a. DRY; b. PAPER POINT DRY; c. WET) were obturated with sealer (Group 1-3: Sealapex; Group 4-6: AH plus; Group 7-9: Tubuli-seal; Group 10-12: EndoRez) and warm vertical compaction method. After 7 days in $37^{\circ}C$, 100% humidity, the coronal-to-apical microleakage was evaluated quantitatively using a glucose leakage model. The leaked glucose concentration was measured with spectrophotometer at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days. Data were recorded ad mmol/L and statistically analysed with the two-way ANOVA and Duncan test (p = 0.05). Results: Throughout the experimental period Tubuli-seal/WET (Group 9) showed the highest mean cumulative glucose penetration (178.75 mmol/L), whereas AH plus/DRY (Group 4) had the least (20.78 mmol/L). Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated that the moisture condition of root canals at the time of obturation and the type of sealer that was used had a significant effect on leakage and sealing ability. Thus drying procedure according to sealer types is a critical step and should not be missed in endodontic treatment.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.4291-4297
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• 2015

EEG has been used to measure the emotion of amenity and discomfort in the interior space. EEG is limited to the experiment, because it is a equipment of contact type. However, Vibraimage can measure the emotion with a web camera. Because Vibraimage is a equipment of non-contact type, it is more suitable for the interior space than EEG. Therefor, it tries to find a correlation variable between EEG and Vibraimage to measure the human emotions. In this study, it were analyzed correlation of EEG and vibraimage due to variation of loudness 60[dB], 90[dB] and rosemary, jasmine scents. Check the health status of subjects who were selected 3 male students, and the period of this experiment was about months. The condition of the environmental test room was in temperature 25[$^{\circ}C$], relative humidity 50[RH%], air current speed 0.02[m/s] and illuminance 1000[lux]. It were analyzed correlation of twenty-three index of EEG(absolute ${\theta}$, relative ${\theta}$, absolute $S{\alpha}$, relative $S{\alpha}$, absolute ${\alpha}$, relative ${\alpha}$, absolute ${\beta}$, relative ${\beta}$, absolute $\gamma$, relative $\gamma$, absolute $F{\alpha}$, relative $F{\alpha}$, absolute SMR, relative SMR, $SMR/{\theta}$, $SMR+M{\beta}/{\theta}$, absolute $H{\beta}$, relative $H{\beta}$, $H{\beta}/{\alpha}$, absolute $M{\beta}$, relative $M{\beta}$, SEF50, ASEF50) and ten index of Vibraimage(Aggression, Stress, Tension/Anxiety, Suspect, Balance, Charm, Energy, Self regulation, Inhibition, Neuroticism). As a result, I was found that relative ${\gamma}$ index of EEG and neuroticism index of Vibraimage have a high correlation as (${\pm}$).414 and (${\pm}$).424.