• 설비공학논문집
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• 제27권9호
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• pp.475-483
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• 2015

In Korea, a typically hot and humid summer means that air-conditioners consume a large quantity of electricity; accordingly, the simultaneous usage of an indirect evaporative cooler may reduce the sensible-heat level and save the amount of electricity that is consumed. In this study, the heat-transfer and pressure-drop characteristics of an indirect evaporative cooler made of paper/plastic film were investigated under both dry and wet conditions; for the purpose of comparison, an indirect evaporative cooler made of plastic film was also tested. Our results show that the indirect evaporative efficiencies under a wet condition are greater than those under a dry condition, and the efficiencies of the paper/plastic sample (109% to 138%) are greater than those (67% to 89%) of the plastic sample; in addition, the wet-surface, indirect evaporative efficiencies of the paper/plastic sample are 32% to 36% greater than those of the plastic sample. Further, the wet-surface pressure drops of the paper/plastic sample are 13% to 23% larger than those of the plastic sample, and this might have been caused by the surface roughness of the samples. A rigorous heat-transfer analysis revealed that, for the plastic sample, 30% to 37% of the wet channels remained dry, whereas all of the channels were wet for the paper/plastic sample.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.247-255
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• 2007

During the winter season in Korea, the relative humidity of greenhouse at night often exceeds 90% because air temperature inside the greenhouse is usually controlled using a heater with all of windows closed to minimize heat loss, thereby requiring the use of a dehumidifier that can maintain optimum humidity levels of $70{\sim}80%$ to provide a good growth condition of crops. Also, such a high humid condition can cause the development of a pest, such as insects, fungi or diseases. However, the use of most conventional dehumidifiers for low temperature dehumidification is limited because their performance is degraded due to frost accumulation on the evaporator coil. This study was carried out to develop a refrigeratory-based dehumidifier suitable for low temperature dehumidification in greenhouse cultivation. The developed dehumidifier consists of a condenser and an evaporator installed separately so that relative and absolute humidity levels can be reduced when air passed through the condenser and evaporator, respectively. The prototype dehumidifier showed a dehumidification capacity of $5{\sim}7kg/h$ when air with a temperature of $15{\sim}25^{\circ}C$ and a relative humidity of $70{\sim}95%$ came into the dehumidifier. Under the condition that either temperature or relative humidity was fixed, the amount of condensed water was proportional to the levels of both temperature and relative humidity.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.127-135
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• 2007

Korea and Japan hosted the FIFA World Cup Soccer Game in 2002. Ten stadiums had been built and more than 30 soccer grounds for practice were renovated in Korea. Sport fields in both countries had problems on cool-season turfgrass growth and quality by summer decline during humid and warm climate especially followed by intensive uses. We measured the effects of air-flow system, which is designed to optimize rootzone soil gas and moisture levels to promote the growth and maintenance turfgrass. This experiment was carried out to verify the effects of the system on soil gas exchange, ground resilience, and turfgrass recovery in turfgrass rootzone. Within 1 or 2hr of operation of the system, rootzone soil gas ($CO_2$, $O_2$) levels returned to natural atmospheric levels completely Soil $CO_2$ levels began to decrease within the first 10 min of operation of the system. The levels were reduced from 1.3 to 0.06% after 30 min, and natural atmospheric levels within 1 hr. When the system was turned off, $CO_2$ levels increased to 0.36% and 0.7% after 5 and 20 hr, respectively. The application of the system did not affect the resilience of turf surface after traffic treatments. Higher traffic treatment resulted in higher surface resilience especially in zoysiagrass plots. Operation of the system had a significant beneficial impact on turf recovery by increased root dry wight and improved turf quality, as compared with the non-operated check plots.

• 태양에너지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.45-53
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• 1999

본 논문은 태양열을 구동원으로 하고 액체흡수제인 염화리튬(LiCl) 용액을 이용하여 제습/냉방 및 난방을 하나의 시스템으로 이루는 태양열 이용 냉난방 공조시스템 중 여름철 전열교환기의 제습/냉방에 관한 성능실험 결과이다. 여름의 고온다습한 실내공기는 휀에 의해 전열교환기로 유입되어 충진층에서 살수된 LiCl 용액과 직접 접촉하여 제습/냉각된 후, 건조공기로 바뀌어 실내로 취출된다. 한편 수분을 흡수하여 저농도 용액으로 변한 LiCl 용액은 재생기에서 태양열에 의해 다시 고농도 용액으로 바뀌어 흡수포텐셜을 갖는다. 본 실험에서는 형상 및 크기가 다른 3가지 충진재를 사용하여 전열교환기의 제습성능을 비교하였으며, 절대습도기준 총괄 물질전달계수인 $k_xa(kg/m^3h{\Delta}x)$로써 그 성능을 평가하였다. 특히 $k_xa$값은 액체흡수제 유량, 공기 풍량, 충진재 형상 및 충진층 높이에 따라 변한다. 따라서 이에 대한 영향을 조사하기 위하여 여러 가지 실험한 결과, 풍량은 $k_xa$값에 미치는 영향이 컸으나, 유량은 그다지 영향을 미치지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 충진재의 형상에 따른 비교 실험에서 충진재의 직경이 큰 경우에는 충진층 높이의 영향이 컸으나, 직경이 작은 경우에는 높이에 의한 영향이 직경이 큰 경우보다 작았다. 이상의 실험 결과로부터 $k_xa$값을 충진재 형상 및 충진층 높이에 따라 정지하면 최적 전열교환기 설계 및 제작에 기초자료로 활용할 수 있음을 알았다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.86-95
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• 2003

The object of this paper is to correct check the tree situation and quantity around highway. Also, those data utilize in order to establish plan about how to the long and short term landscape construction and maintain program. The result of this study can be summarized as follows; 1. Tree decrease rates for 8 branch offices were Jongbu(5.62%), Gangwon(4.32%), Chungcheong (3.35%), Honam(5.62%), Gyeongbuk(3.06%), Gyeongnam(5.60%), Seorak training center(0.31%), Headquarter(1.54%). Also decrease causes were traffic accidents(1.8%), air po11ution(4.7%), humid damage(0.9%), insect and disease(1.2%), wind and rainfall(3.4%), dry damage(3.5%), cold damage (1.0%), fire(3.1%), damage of the man and anima1(4.1%), remove bad tree(13.1%), bad rooting(9.5%) and etc.(53.7%). 2. Improve methods of tree death problems were regulation management(ferti1ize, irrigation and pesticide work), improvement of draining system, Pull out the weeds, Plant native plants, utilize organic matter fertilize and plant environment trees.

• 공업화학
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.1056-1061
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• 1994

$80^{\circ}C$에서 열처리하거나, $80^{\circ}C$와 상대습도 85%인 습도 조건에서 처리한 황동이 피복된 강선 코드의 표면 상태와 고무와 접착 성질을 조사하였다. 열처리로 황동의 산화가 진행되었으며, 습윤처리 후에는 더 심하게 산화되었다. 처리기간이 길어질수록 전처리한 코드의 접착 성질이 나빠졌으며, 고무부착 정도가 심하게 저하되었다. 황동 피복층의 산화로 인한 코드의 접착 성질 저하를 산화아연층의 과도한 성장과 연계지어 설명하였다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.553-565
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• 2017

Structural modeling of unencapsulated ionic polymer metal composite (u-IPMC) actuators that are used for flapping the insect scale-flapping wing of micro air vehicles (FMAV) in dry environmental conditions is carried out. Structural modeling for optimization of design parameters for retention of water, maximize actuation performance and to study the influence of water activity on the actuation characteristics of u-IPMC is explored for use in FMAV. The influence of equivalent weight of Nafion polymer, cations, concentration of cations, pre-treatment procedures on retention of water of u-IPMCs and on actuation parameters, flapping angle, flexural stiffness and actuation displacement are investigated. IPMC designed with Nafion having equivalent weight 900-1100, pre-heated at $30^{\circ}C$ and with sodium as the cations is promising for optimum retention of water and actuation performance. The actuation parameters while in operation in dry and humid environment with varying water activity can be tuned to desirable frequency, deflection, flap angle and flexural stiffness by changing the water activity and operational temperature of the environment.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.123-130
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to examine and to evaluate the wearing performance of pile materials to produce velvet fabrics which have excellent wearing comfort. Acetate velvet, Cuprammonium rayon velvet were combined as textiles for clothing and acetate and viscose rayon were as textiles for lining at the environmental condition of temperature $15^{\circ}C,\;18^{\circ}C,\;21^{\circ}C,\;24^{\circ}C$, relative humidity $50{\pm}5%$ and air velocity 0.25 m/sec. Wearing comfort among 4 materials combinations(Aa, Av, Ra, Rv) was examined and compared. The results are as follows. The investigation of mean skin temperature for environmental temperature and material combinations showed that the mean temperature had a significant difference at the p<0.01 level in accordance with environmental temperature and material combinations.(Aa>Av>Ra>Rv) Moreover, in clothing climate only clothing temperature tended to increase almost linearly but at $24^{\circ}C$ there was no significant difference among textiles for lining compared with the other environmental temperatures. In subjective sensations thermal sensation and comfort sensation showed a significant difference in environmental temperatures and materials.(Aa>Av>Ra>Rv) Though a subject felt warmer, more humid, and more uncomfortable at $24^{\circ}C$ for all of the material combinations comparing with the other temperatures, there was no significant difference in materials.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제37권11호
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• pp.977-984
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• 2013

흡착식 제습기에 적용되는 제습 로터는 높은 제습 성능을 달성키 위해, 흡수율이 높은 재질로 구성된 수많은 미세 채널을 포함하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 습공기 흐름에 의해 나타나는 제습 로터 내부의 반복적인 흡착/탈착 과정에 대한 수치해석 결과를 소개한다. 수치해석의 정확도와 효율성을 고려하여 흡습층 내부에서는 표면 확산(surface diffusion)만을 고려하여 해석을 수행하였다. 해석결과는 이전의 연구와 비교하였고, 온도에 대한 비교 오차는 약 2%이하인 점을 감안하여 해석결과가 매우 잘 일치하는 것을 확인하였다. 단일 채널 내부에서 유동층 (flow layer)과 흡습층 (desiccant layer) 간 열/물질전달 연계 해석을 통하여 채널 내부의 수증기 분율, 흡수된 물 분율과 온도 등에 대한 시간 및 공간적 변화를 나타내었다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2011년도 제40회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.509-509
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• 2011

Superhydrophobic surfaces on alloyed steels were fabricated with a non-conventional method of plasma etching and subsequent water immersion procedure. High aspect ratio nanopatterns of nanoflake or nano-needle were created on the steels with various Cr content in its composition. With CF4 plasma treatment in radio-frequence chemical vapor deposition (r.-f. CVD) method, steel surfaces were etched and fluorinated by CF4 plasma, which induced the nanopattern evolution through the water immersion process. It was found that fluorine ion played a role as a catalyst to form nanopatterns in water elucidated with XPS and TEM analysis. The hierarchical patterns in micro- and nano scale leads to superhydrophobic properties on the surfaces by deposition of a hydrophobic coating with a-C:H:Si:O film deposited with a gas precursor of hexamethlydisiloxane (HMDSO) with its lower surface energy of 24.2 mN/m, similar to that of curticular wax covering lotus surfaces. Since this method is based on plasma dry etching & coating, precise patterning of surface texturing would be potential on steel or metal surfaces. Patterned hydrophobic steel surfaces were demonstrated by mimicking the Robinia pseudoacacia or acacia leaf, on which water was collected from the humid air using a patterned hydrophobicity on the steels. It is expected that this facile, non-toxic and fast technique would accelerate the large-scale production of superhydrophobic engineering materials with industrial applications.