• 인지과학
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.173-191
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• 2017

The theories of cultural evolution hold subtly or clearly different stances about definition of culture, pattern of cultural evolution, biases that affect cultural evolution, and relationship between culture and organism. However, the cultural evolution theories have a common problem to solve: As the evolutionary theory of life tries to explain the early steps and the origin of life, the cultural evolution theories also must explain the early steps of the cultural evolution and the role of the human capability that makes cultural evolution possible. Therefore, explanations of the human's unique traits including the cultural ability are related to determine which one is the most plausible among many cultural evolution theories. Theories that tried to explain human uniqueness commonly depict the coevolution of gene (organism) and culture. We will explicitly call the niche construction theory and the dual inheritance theory the 'gene-culture co-evolutionary theory'. In these theories, the most important concept is the 'concept of positive feedback'. In this paper, we distinguish between core positive feedback and marginal positive feedback, according to whether the trait that the concept of positive feedback explains is the trait of human uniqueness. Both types of positive feedback effectively explain the generality of human uniqueness and the diversity of human traits driven by cultural groups. However, this positive feedback requires an end, in contrast to negative feedback which can be continued in order to maintain homeostasis. We argue that the co-evolutionary process in the gene-culture co-evolutionary theories include only the positive feedback, not covering the cultural evolution after the positive feedback. This thesis strives to define the coevolution concept more comprehensively by suggesting the potential relationships between gene and culture after the positive feedback.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.188-202
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• 2004

This research was designed to investigate biomechanical aspects of the evolution based on the hypothesis of dynamic cooperative interactions between the locomotion pattern and the body shape in the evolution of human bipedal walking The musculoskeletal model used in the computer simulation consisted of 12 rigid segments and 26 muscles. The nervous system was represented by 18 rhythmic pattern generators. The genetic algorithm was employed based on the natural selection theory to represent the evolutionary mechanism. Evolutionary strategy was assumed to minimize the cost function that is weighted sum of the energy consumption, the muscular fatigue and the load on the skeletal system. The simulation results showed that repeated manipulations of the genetic algorithm resulted in the change of body shape and locomotion pattern from those of chimpanzee to those of human. It was suggested that improving locomotive efficiency and the load on the musculoskeletal system are feasible factors driving the evolution of the human body shape and the bipedal locomotion pattern. The hypothetical evolution method employed in this study can be a new powerful tool for investigation of the evolution process.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.81-90
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• 2003

본 연구의 목적은 인간의 본질인 신체적ㆍ정신적 특성에 따른 제품의 새로운 분류 방식을 제시하고 이를 통해 제품의 미래를 이해하는데 있다. 연구의 목적을 위해 인간과 제품의 관계 특성을 과거와 미래를 통해 비교 분석하였고, 이 과정에서 제품을 발생학적으로 분류할 수 있었다. 연구는 그 결과를 '신체적 제품'의 미래와 '정신적 제품'의 미래로 나타냈다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.331-339
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• 2020

Genetic modifications in noncoding regulatory regions are likely critical to human evolution. Human-accelerated noncoding elements are highly conserved noncoding regions among vertebrates but have large differences across humans, which implies human-specific regulatory potential. In this study, we found that human-accelerated noncoding elements were frequently coupled with DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs), together with monomethylated and trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4, which are active regulatory markers. This coupling was particularly pronounced in fetal brains relative to adult brains, non-brain fetal tissues, and embryonic stem cells. However, fetal brain DHSs were also specifically enriched in deeply conserved sequences, implying coexistence of universal maintenance and human-specific fitness in human brain development. We assessed whether this coexisting pattern was a general one by quantitatively measuring evolutionary rates of DHSs. As a result, fetal brain DHSs showed a mixed but distinct signature of regional conservation and outlier point acceleration as compared to other DHSs. This finding suggests that brain developmental sequences are selectively constrained in general, whereas specific nucleotides are under positive selection or constraint relaxation simultaneously. Hence, we hypothesize that human- or primate-specific changes to universally conserved regulatory codes of brain development may drive the accelerated, and most likely adaptive, evolution of the regulatory network of the human brain.

• 아동학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.185-204
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• 2005

This paper demonstrated how application of evolutionary knowledge to developmental perspectives enhances understanding of human ontogeny. Evolutionary Developmental Psychology (EDP) explains human behavior through evolutionary principles and focuses on ontogeny rather than phylogeny. In this paper, the authors review concepts of evolution, adaptations, and the processes of evolution from EDP perspectives. The definition and basic assumptions of EDP are introduced, followed by explanations of how evolution happens in ontogeny by looking at developmental systems approaches, concepts of ontogenetic and deferred adaptations, evolution of childhood, and brain plasticity. Possible pathways of evolution in ontogeny are also discussed. Finally, some research methodology for applying EDP to child development is suggested with specific hypotheses and studies.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.7-19
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• 2003

The latest measure of the relative evolutionary age of protein structure families was applied (based on taxonomic diversity) using the protein structural interactome map (PSIMAP). It confirms that, in general, protein domains, which are hubs in this interaction network, are older than protein domains with fewer interaction partners. We apply a hypothesis of 'biological network evolution' to explain the positive correlation between interaction and age. It agrees to the previous suggestions that proteins have acquired an increasing number of interaction partners over time via the stepwise addition of new interactions. This hypothesis is shown to be consistent with the scale-free interaction network topologies proposed by other groups. Closely co-evolved structural interaction and the dynamics of network evolution are used to explain the highly conserved core of protein interaction pathways, which exist across all divisions of life.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.230-238
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• 2013

Many other human species appeared in evolution in the last 6 million years that have not been able to survive to modern times and are broadly known as archaic humans, as opposed to the extant modern humans. It has always been considered fascinating to compare the modern human genome with that of archaic humans to identify modern human-specific sequence variants and figure out those that made modern humans different from their predecessors or cousin species. Neanderthals are the latest humans to become extinct, and many factors made them the best representatives of archaic humans. Even though a number of comparisons have been made sporadically between Neanderthals and modern humans, mostly following a candidate gene approach, the major breakthrough took place with the sequencing of the Neanderthal genome. The initial genome-wide comparison, based on the first draft of the Neanderthal genome, has generated some interesting inferences regarding variations in functional elements that are not shared by the two species and the debated admixture question. However, there are certain other genetic elements that were not included or included at a smaller scale in those studies, and they should be compared comprehensively to better understand the molecular make-up of modern humans and their phenotypic characteristics. Besides briefly discussing the important outcomes of the comparative analyses made so far between modern humans and Neanderthals, we propose that future comparative studies may include retrotransposons, pseudogenes, and conserved non-coding regions, all of which might have played significant roles during the evolution of modern humans.

• 한국게임학회 논문지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.89-98
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• 2020

기술적 상상력에 기반을 둔 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션 기술의 발전은 가상과 현실 사이에 놓여 있던 보이지 않는 벽을 무너뜨리고, 이용자가 현실과 가상의 혼재적 상황에 직면하게 만든다. 이러한 기술의 발전은 곧 인간 정체성을 진화시킨다. 게임은, 디지털 총체 예술의 대표적인 형태로 점차 그 영역을 확대해, 나아가 그 역시 현실의 일부로 여겨지는 혼합적 형태로 진화하고 있다. 이것은 곧 게임의 가치를 승격시킬 수 있는 발판이 될 수 있으며, 게임의 진화를 논할 수 있는 계기로 볼 수 있다. MMORPG를 중점으로 한 본 연구에서, 온라인 게임의 다양한 가치와 그 안에서 이루어지는 인간 정체성의 진화에 대하여 논할 것이다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.175-183
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• 2003

침팬지와 고릴라는 영장목의 사람상과에 속한다. 이들은 아프리카 대형 유인원이라 불리며, 그들의 기원은 아프리카이다. 최근 영장류 학자들은 침팬지와 고릴라 각각 2종 5아종으로 분류하고 있다. 인간 게놈 프로젝트가 완성되었지만, 인간의 유전적 질병을 극복하고 인간의 진화를 풀기 위해서는 인간과 가장 유사한 아프리카 대형 유인원에 대한 연구가 요구된다. 인간의 21번에 상응하는 침팬지의 22번 염색체의 서열이 완성되었고, 현재 Y염색체 염기 서열이 분석되고 있다. 인간, 침팬지, 고릴라의 비교 연구로부터 인간이 가지는 다양한 질병에 대한 이해와 실마리를 제공해 줄 것이다. 영장류의 진화 과정에서 인간만이 가지는 기능성 유전자 및 가동성 유전자 (HERV, LINE, SINE)를 탐지해 냄으로 인해, 인간이란 무엇인가\ulcorner 라는 근본적인 의문점을 해명 할 수 있을 것이다. 이러한 영장류의 비교연구를 위해, 우리는 인간을 포함한 아프리카 대형 유인원에 대한 특징, 진화 및 계통 등의 기본적인 지식을 종합정리하여 보고하고자 한다.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.440-454
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• 2011

This study proposes a new instructional strategy and corresponding materials designed from various alternative frameworks to help students understand evolution as a biologically acceptable theory. Biology teachers have normally taught the evolutionary mechanism by means of comparing Lamarckism with natural selection. In this study, a new instructional strategy in which the Lamarckian explanation is first excluded because Lamarckism is known to be subsumed in a learner's cognitive structure as a strong preconception of evolution is suggested for teaching evolution. After mutation theory is introduced, Darwinism including natural selection is explained separately during the next class hour. Corresponding instructional materials that aid student understanding of the evolutionary mechanism were developed using recently published articles on human genetic traits as scientific evolutionary evidence instead of the traditional evolutionary subject matter, giraffe neck. Evolutionary evidence from human genetic traits allows students to exclude anthropocentric thoughts effectively and raise concern for the phenomenon of evolution positively. The administered instructional strategy and materials in this research improved student conception, concern, and belief of evolution and it is believed that they helped students understand the evolutionary mechanism effectively.