• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.717-729
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• 2015

This study explains the differences in household work sharing and perceptions of equitable and unequitable household work sharing in dual-earner households by gender. The study also examines the effects of household work sharing and perceptions of equitable and unequitable household work sharing in dual-earner households. The sample consisted of 270 males and 349 females in their twenties to fifties in dual-earner households. Data analysis methods included frequency analysis, t-test, and multiple regression analysis methods. First, there were significant differences in household work sharing by gender. Second, there were significant differences in perceptions of equitable and unequitable household work sharing between males and females. Third, there were significant differences in perceptions of equitable and unequitable household work sharing in dual-earner households. These results verify differences in perceptions of equitable and unequitable household work sharing by gender in dual-earner households and demonstrate differential effects of factors influencing perceptions of equitable and unequitable household work sharing in dual-earner households.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.97-111
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to explore the typology of child care, investigate the characteristics of child care types, and analyze the differences in time deficit as well as time satisfaction by the types of child care for dual-earner couples with preschool children. The data source for this research was the 2009 Time Use Survey conducted by the Korea National Statistical Office. Dual-earners aged 20 to 59 years completed 1,568 time diaries, which were analyzed using chi-square, cluster analysis, and ANOVA analysis. Child care time was classified into three types in the three categories of child care, household work sharing and leisure sharing for both males and females respectively. Three types for husbands were named "vulnerable", "household work child care predominant" and "leisure predominant". The three types for wives were named "vulnerable", "household work child care oriented" and "household work child care". The characteristics of each type depended on age, education, weekly working hours, gender role of husbands and age, weekly working hours of wives. The vulnerable type of wives showed the highest level of time deficit. Based on the results, implications for Public policy on child care and various types of education as well as programs were suggested.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.165-186
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• 2012

Studies on time-use have generally concentrated on the amount of time used by each member of a household in Korea. The quality of family relationships could be associated with the amount and types of interactions between family members. This study examined the time that adults spend with their family members on various activities. The purpose of this study is to explore a typology of family time and investigate the characteristics of each type. The data source was the 2009 Time-Use Survey conducted by the Korean National Statistics Office. The people involved in each activity were surveyed for the first time in the 2009 survey in Korea. The data from this study included 10,902 diaries that were filled on weekdays by married adults from ages 20 to 59 years. Data from rural households were excluded. Time use was divided into three categories: family meals, household work and family leisure time. These activities were analyzed using t-test, chi-square analysis and cluster analysis. Family time was classified into four types based on three categories. The four types were named "leisure sharing", "household work sharing", "overall sharing" and "non-sharing". The most common type was non-sharing. The characteristics of each type depended on gender and paid work time. Based on these results, family and labor policies should be developed to increase the work-life balance. Policies that focus on men over 40 years are especially recommended.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.97-108
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to examine the family resources, stress level, and coping strategies of reemployed wives, to direct the better psycho-physical environment, and to enhance the quality of their home environment for reemployed wives. The data were analyzed with the frequency, percentage, factor analysis, mean(S.D), reliability, and regression using SPSS windows program. The major findings were as follows : (1) There were significant relationships between demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the family resources and stress level. Personal-psycho resources was important variable in the family resources. The household work and value of household work were most influential. (2) Influential variables on stress level were income and working hours, resources of family task sharing. (3) Influential variables on coping strategies were age, reemployed time, and family task sharing. Coping strategies was effected by the reasons of employment.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.49-60
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• 1994

Recently there has been new work schedule developed in some companies which means starting the work at 7 and finishing at 4 This article studied on the effects of new work schedule on the time allocation by married couples. It was compared with the time spent by married couples in group of old work schedule. And it studied whether the change of work schedule affects the time allocation and satisfaction of couples. This survey was conducted from November to December 1993 One hundred and twenty none couples were considered to be valid sample for this study. The findings of this study are as follows: 1. Couples with new work schedule did perceive changes in the time allocation. 2. The total time for transportation and market work of husbands was decreased and leisure time showed a increase when there is new work schedule. 3. Husbands with new work schedule perceived that they spent more time in the household work leisure sharing with their children and sharing with spouses than husbands with old work schedule. 4. Couples with new work schedule showed higher marital satisfaction and family life satisfaction than couples with old work schedule.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.17-29
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of the household labors that are performed by dual income families. The methodology that has been applied in this study was a qualitative research based on in-depth interviews of a total of 10 people(8 housewives, 2 husbands) selected from the 8 different families. The 8 different families have been selected in order to identify the different family lives and the various household labor patterns that are conducted by both the working husband and the working wife. As a result, we have found out that working wives still had to manage their time in an extremely busy manner in order to balance their professional work with their household tasks. However, the household work that was being shared by the husbands also seemed to vary dynamically according to the different family situations. Although, it has shown that household tasks are divided by the person's sex, the amount of household tasks that are shared tended to increase according to the life cycle of each family.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.231-247
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• 2007

The purposes of this study were to analyze the structure of time use in farm households, and to compare the time use structure of women farmer with that of their husbands. The data for this study were collected from 276 farm households, selected from 8 provinces in the country. The data were collected at two times of farming season and off－farming season and classified as farm labor and household labor by labor types. SPSS(ver 12.0) statistical package was utilized to analyze the data, and t－test was performed for this study. The major findings are as follows; 1) In the case of work directly related to farming, husband's working hour was significantly longer than that of wife during the farming and off－farming season. In contrast with wife's household working hour was significantly longer than that of husband during both seasons. 2) There existed a severe work time imbalance between wife and husband during the-farming season. Based on the findings of this study, the following implications could be drawn to promote efficient labor and equal labor sharing. First, the consciousness has to be changed because the impartial labor sharing roles. We have to develope many programs to break these fixed ideas. And these programs have to be included to educational course and be instructed continuously. Second, the role of wife that household and farming work is important and will be magnified in the future.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.17-26
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• 2017

Many workers today encounter the problem of overemployment which occurs when actual working hours exceed preferred or desired working hours. Overemployed workers desire to work fewer hours although this may entail a concomitant decline in earnings. This research is conducted to examine the likelihood of overemployment among employees in a particular state in Malaysia, that is, Penang. This study uses primary data that was collected in a survey encompassing a total of 525 employees in the state. A logit model is used to analyse the relationship between the likelihood of overemployment and various socio-demographic, household and work-related variables. The factors that are significantly related to overemployment are ethnicity, age, education, number of children in the household, occupation, hours of work and control over work schedule. Based on the findings of this paper, it is suggested that policies such as offering part-time jobs or job-sharing options to older workers, implementing family-friendly policies, adopting decent working time measures and strategies that give workers more control over their work schedule are some possible ways to deal with the issue of overemployment.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.55-69
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to examine the gender differences in the level of work/family spillover and factors explaining the spillover. Data are gathered from 1,236 Korean men and women aged between 30 to 59, using the structured questionnaire. The main results of this study are as follows. First, both men and women perceive moderate levels of negative and positive spillover from work to family. Second, the levels of negative family to work spillover are higher than then of positive family to work spillover. Third, men report higher levels of positive family to work spillover, but lower levels of negative family to work spillover than women. Sander differences in the levels of negative and positive spillover from work to family are not found. Fourth, only job characteristic factors are associated with four types of spillover of women, while the level of household labor sharing and spousal support are associated with work family spillover of men. Band on these findings, theoretical implications in terms of work-family research and gender norms are discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.12 s.202
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• pp.175-190
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• 2004

The purposed of this research was to suggest a basic material of Korean-typed cohousing plan for a dual-income family by examining the difference of cohousing residing environment needs. Selecting Employed and unemployed housewives as this research's subject, the following results were drawn from the analysis between the two groups. 1) The housewives takes responsibility of the household works regardless of whether or not they are employed. Also, more than half of employed housewives stated that the time of nursery facilities was shorter than their needs and that they favored a nursery facility located inside the residential area. 2) The most meaningful difference of cohousing residing environment needs was the demand for sharing household work in terms of cohousing need of the subjects. The desirable cohousing area is the suburbs of the metropolitan areas and the preferable resident organization is need to be organized by people sharing the same goal through an announcement. 3) The need of cohousing and residence intention were generally low, but the employed housewives' need was higher than the unemployed ones.