• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.107-119
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• 2010

In this paper we study the expectation from the past which would be based in the initial Probability Theory. These study can show the value of expectation in the initial concept of Probability and illuminate the concept being taught.

• School Mathematics
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.281-294
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• 2001

As a measure of the center of data, arithmetical mean, median, mode, harmonic mean and geometric mean are generally used. Students must learn qualitative aspect of average values as well as its calculation for its adequate use. As the result of the learning, they should be able to select the appropriate average value according to the characteristic of data and problem context. For this object, the historical origin and visual interpretation of average values were introduced in this paper. And to help teaching several meanings of average values, several examples including context were suggested.

• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
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• no.85
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• pp.25-27
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• 2008

Ondal Cave is important and significant in terms of cultural value and tourism. In addition, there are abundant historical and cultural resources nearby. If the geographical strength is taken advantage of, the cave would evolve into a great tourist destination and natural education spot. This paper has investigated humanistic environment of Ondal Cave in considerations for the surrounding tourism resources. There are abundant tourism resources around Ondal Cave. However, they are rarely connected with each other. In fact, they are very partially interrelated around Guinsa(temple) only. Furthermore, the number of tourists has gradually decreased. Therefore, it‘s required to further develop tourism programs and surrounding tourism resources.

• Proceedings of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.64-71
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• 1999

Seismicity of the Korean Peninsula shows intraplate seismicity that has irregular pattern in both time and space. Seismic data of the Korean peninsula consists of historical earthquakes and instrumental earthquakes. In this study we devide these data into complete part and incomplete part and considering earthquake size uncertainty estimate seismic hazard parameters - activity rate λ, b value of Gutenberg-Richter relation and maximum possible earthquake IMAX by statistical method in each major tectonic provinces. These estimated values are expected to be important input parameters in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and evaluation of design earthquake.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.35
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• pp.269-291
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• 2014

China has countless ancient books that contain thousand years of continuously recorded history across every generation. It is essential to organize the ancient cultural literature in order to better communicate. The study of ancient Chinese literature recently has become a subject of priority. Shi-Ji, one of the representative documents, is used for record keeping because of its experience with ancient Chinese historic materials and artifacts. This draft of Shi-ji is based on ancient Chinese research methods with the purpose to explore the character, phonology, syntax, exegesis and collation of historical value.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.5 s.118
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• pp.84-99
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• 2006

The traditional temples located in national parks have various functions, such as religious practice, tourist destination, and conservation for cultural and natural resources. One functions have implicit monetary values in terms of public benefits. The purpose of this study was to estimate both use and non-use conservation values for two traditional temples, Sinheungsa and Haeinsa, using the contingent valuation method. In the study, both single-bounded and double-bounded dichotomous choice methods were used in an application of Turnbull distribution-free model. A total of 659 visitors were interviewed, 350 in Sinheungsa and 309 in Haeinsa. The mean WTP (willingness to pay) for Sinheungsa using single-bounded method was 4,040 Won for the use value, 6,157 Won for the cultural conservation value, and 5,624 Won for the natural conservation value. The mean WTP for Haeinsa using single-bounded method was 6,463 Won for the use value, 8,769 Won for the cultural conservation value, and 8,013 Won for the natural conservation value. The total economic value of each temple accounted for 50% (Sinheungsa) and 80% (Haeinsa) of the total economic value of the associated national park. It was also found that the single-bounded method was more conservative than the double-bounded method in terms of value estimation. The WTP was highest for the cultural conservation value and lowest for the use values in both temples, with natural conservation values falling in the middle, which showed that people perceived traditional temples as the cultural heritage. Based on these results, it was suggested that traditional temples should be designated as an 'multiple heritage area' so that conservation can be used as the main criteria for various use programs.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1873-1879
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• 2014

There are various methodologies to forecast the travel time using real-time data but the K-nearest neighborhood (KNN) method in general is regarded as the most one in forecasting when there are enough historical data. The objective of this study is to evaluate applicability of KNN method. In this study, real-time and historical data of toll collection system (TCS) traffic flow and the dedicated short range communication (DSRC) link travel time, and the historical path travel time data are used as input data for KNN approach. The proposed method investigates the path travel time which is the nearest to TCS traffic flow and DSRC link travel time from real-time and historical data, then it calculates the predicted path travel time using weight average method. The results show that accuracy increased when weighted value of DSRC link travel time increases. Moreover the trend of forecasted and real travel times are similar. In addition, the error in forecasted travel time could be further reduced when more historical data could be available in the future database.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.25-34
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• 2020

This study examined the definition and major values, the designated procedures and types, and the designation trend in Korean scenic sites and national parks in the United States. Based on this, the analysis of the characteristics of the designation of the two natural heritages. The results are as follows; First, Scenic Sites has characteristics of complex heritage that includes academic, historical, and humanities values on the basis of landscape. As a natural heritage based on public nature, the U.S. National Park aims to contribute to the people's natural heritage and satisfy both ecological and historical values through the protection of the landscape. Second, the designation of a scenic sites are decided through deliberation by the Cultural Heritage Committee after the request of the owner, manager, or local government or by the authority of the head of the Cultural Heritage Administration. The designated survey is divided into basic resource surveys and resource surveys by type. Since the initial designation of the Sogeumgang Mountain in Cheonghakdong, Myeongju in 1970, the number of designated scenic sites was low until the 2000s, but the number of designated scenic sites has increased rapidly since 2006 due to the policy to promote the scenic site, and the proportion of natural and historical and cultural scenic sites has been balanced. The designation of the U.S. national park is decided by the Congress or the president, and the National Park Service makes a series of decisions on whether to conduct a special resource study of provisional resources through a preliminary inspection survey, whether to satisfy the criteria for designation of national parks based on the results of special resource research, and to prioritize them. The U.S. National Parks have been expanded not only by Congress but also by the president's empowerment to designate them as national monuments. With the integrated operation of the National Park Service, the number of designated cases increased as the national park included the heritage sites under the control of various ministries. In addition, a number of historical areas were designated by the enactment of the Historical Site Act, and recreational areas were designated to provide leisure space and classified and managed in a total of 18 units. Third, the comparison of the designation characteristics of the two heritage properties confirmed that the designation of natural heritage with complex value, the classification of types according to complementary designation system and resource characteristics, the establishment of the competent ministry and the balancing of the heritage according to the designation policy. The two heritages had the characteristics of complex natural heritages that met ecological, historical and academic values at the same time based on landscape and public nature. In addition, both countries have identified a system for deliberating the designation of heritage through a basic resource survey and an in-depth designation survey, and classified each type according to the characteristics of the resource. In addition, the policies for promoting scenic sites in Korea and the integrated operation of the National Park Service in the U.S. influenced the designated aspects of the two heritage sites, balancing natural heritage with historical and cultural heritage. Fourth, the resource types and conservation management methods of Scenic site and National Park were largely related. The natural areas of the U.S. National Park include types of natural monuments in Korea as major resources, and have characteristics similar to natural scenic sites. In addition, historical resources were similar to the criteria for designation of historical and cultural scenic sites in terms of landscape, and the aspects of war and celebrity-related relics were related to the types of historic sites. In terms of conservation management, the natural area of the U.S. national park has a way of keeping the original ecosystem intact, but the Korean natural heritage protection system is likely to be useful for focusing on the resource of viscosity. Meanwhile, historical resources include historical sites and historical and cultural scenic sites in the traditional era, but historical relics in the U.S. National Parks have set a time limit to modern times for war history and celebrity-related relics, and the active provision of entertainment programs based on existing resources was derived as a difference.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.74-88
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• 2019

This study developed the Assessment Indicator evaluating eco-cultural value of temple forest in Korea and applied the developed Assessment Indicator to Songgwang-sa(also known as Seungbo-sachal), one of the Three Jewels Temple. Literature reviews and the draft of Assessment Indicator were drawn from brainstorming(including 2 forest therapy experts, 1 Buddhist monk expert, 1 landscape architect, 1 forest expert, and 6 researchers). After that, the Assessment Indicator drawn from the group of experts(the 1st in-depth interview: 32 people, the 2nd in-depth interview: 30 people) was verified and revised. The final Assessment Indicator, which was composed of 4 parts and 20 items, was developed. The results are as follows. The eco-cultural Assessment Indicator of temple forest was composed of 4 parts, which were Historical Cultural value, Ecological value, Recreatory Visitational value, and Educational Useful value, and 20 items and each item had 5 points. Historical Cultural value had 5 items and its total points were 25. Ecological value had 5 items and had total 25 points. Recreatory Visitational value had 6 items, 30 total points. Educational Useful value had 4 items, 20 total points. The total points of the eco-cultural Assessment Indicator were 100 points. As a result of applying the developed Assessment Indicator to the target place, Songgwang-sa in Mt. Jogye, Historical Cultural value of temple forest was calculated as 23 points(out of 25). Ecological value was 21 point(out of 25), Recreatory Visitational value, 22 points(out of 30), and Educational Useful value, 16 points(out of 20). The total points were 82(out of 100). Consequently, this study is meaningful based on the following 5 aspects. Firstly, this study challenged the development of the eco-cultural Assessment Indicator of temple forest for the first time. It is significant because the developed Assessment Indicator can be a useful resource for the eco-cultural value of temple forest. Secondly, the result showed that Educational Useful value and Recreatory Visitational value of forest temple were very low. Therefore, the supports for leisure, tour, education, and use of temple forest are needed from Korea Forest Service, Ministry of Environment, Cultural Heritage Administration and other government agencies since they acknowledge the temple forest as the best customers in Korea. Thirdly, the excellence or for eco-cultural value of temple forest needs to be extended in a national level. It is possible to make a Korean National Bran(e.g., the Therapy at the Temple) by blending temple stay, which is only in temples, and therapy, and is also possible to be a global tour industry. Fourthly, this study suggested legal definition about the necessary of legal definition for temple forest because there is no legal definition on temple forest in the current situation. When the definition of temple forest is legally arranaged, it would be a foundation for conserving eco-cultural value of temple forest, for organizing exclusively responsible departments in governmental institutions, and further for registering temple forest as World Natural Heritage. Lastly, the developed eco-cultural Assessment Indicators of temple forest from this study would be applied to "the 7 Sansa, Buddhist Mountain Monasteries in Korea(Sansa)" and the characteristics of each 7 temple are drawn. This study would be a basic data for temples' management and use with the eco-cultural Assessment Indicator of temple forest.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.13 no.3 s.56
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• pp.391-405
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• 2005

This study puts emphasis on showing the change of Stripe Pattern, which has been popular for a long period of time in many societies, with change in time, assessing its value as an art. During medieval period, Strife Pattern had a strong negative meaning as a sign of disgrace or inferiority, or had been used as discrimination against a mental or a sinner, who had been rejected or banished from the society. Through French Revolution, Stripe Pattern has become a symbol of liberty and equality, furthermore, the notion of society as well as countries. This event had positively affected on reevaluating its image, from inferior, negative to significant, artistic. Eventually the variety of aesthetic values of Stripe Pattern led its way to the variation of its functional value expanding its use other than fashion industry. It is anticipated that our fashion industry will flourish in creating new, creative design by understanding design and appreciating their aesthetic values with their applications to human sensibility.