• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Sericultural Science Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.74-74
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• 2003

Tetrapeptide FMRFamide, originally isolated and then characterized from the mollusc (Clam) Macrocallista, had been demonstrated to have action as a cardioexcitatory agent. During the next two decades since its discover, neuropeptide FMRFamide and a large family of related peptides have been shown to exist in the central nervous system and gut of a wide variety of invertebrates and vertebrates including insect species. (omitted)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.495-502
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• 2014

The effect of Bacillus subtilis natto on hindgut fermentation and microbiota of early lactation Holstein dairy cows was investigated in this study. Thirty-six Holstein dairy cows in early lactation were randomly allocated to three groups: no B. subtilis natto as the control group, B. subtilis natto with $0.5{\times}10^{11}cfu$ as DMF1 group and B. subtilis natto with $1.0{\times}10^{11}cfu$ as DMF2 group. After 14 days of adaptation period, the formal experiment was started and lasted for 63 days. Fecal samples were collected directly from the rectum of each animal on the morning at the end of eighth week and placed into sterile plastic bags. The pH, $NH_3$-N and VFA concentration were determined and fecal bacteria DNA was extracted and analyzed by DGGE. The results showed that the addition of B. subtilus natto at either treatment level resulted in a decrease in fecal $NH_3$-N concentration but had no effect on fecal pH and VFA. The DGGE profile revealed that B. subtilis natto affected the population of fecal bacteria. The diversity index of Shannon-Wiener in DFM1 decreased significantly compared to the control. Fecal Alistipes sp., Clostridium sp., Roseospira sp., beta proteobacterium were decreased and Bifidobacterium was increased after supplementing with B. subtilis natto. This study demonstrated that B. subtilis natto had a tendency to change fecal microbiota balance.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.15.1-15.5
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• 2017

Background: The horse intestinal tract is sensitive and contains a highly complex microbial population. A shift in the microbial population can lead to various issues such as inflammation and colic. The use of nutraceuticals in the equine industry is on the rise and curcumin is thought to possess antimicrobial properties that may help to minimize the proliferation of opportunistic bacteria. Methods: Four cecally-cannulated horses were utilized to determine the optimal dose of liposomal-curcumin (LIPC) on reducing Streptococcus bovis/equinus complex (SBEC), Escherichia coli K-12, Escherichia coli general, Clostridium difficile, and Clostridium perfringens in the equine hindgut without adversely affecting cecal characteristics. In the first study cecal fluid was collected from each horse and composited for an in vitro, 24 h batch culture to examine LIPC at four different dosages (15, 20, 25, and 30 g) in a completely randomized design. A subsequent in vivo $4{\times}4$ Latin square design study was conducted to evaluate no LIPC (control, CON) or LIPC dosed at 15, 25, and 35 g per day (dosages determined from in vitro results) for 9 days on the efficacy of LIPC on selected bacterial strains, pH, and volatile fatty acids. Each period was 14 days with 9 d for acclimation and 5 d withdrawal period. Results: In the in vitro study dosage had no effect ($P{\geq}0.42$) on Clostridium strains, but as the dose increased SBEC concentrations increased (P = 0.001). Concentrations of the E. coli strain varied with dose. In vivo, LIPC's antimicrobial properties, at 15 g, significantly decreased (P = 0.02) SBEC when compared to 25 and 35 g dosages. C. perfringens decreased linearly (P = 0.03) as LIPC dose increased. Butyrate decreased linearly (P = 0.01) as LIPC dose increased. Conclusion: Further studies should be conducted with a longer dosing period to examine the antimicrobial properties of curcumin without adversely affecting cecal characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.209-220
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• 2015

In this study, gut bacterial communities in xylophagous insects were analyzed using the pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes for their potential biotechnological applications in lignocelluloses degradation. The result showed that operational taxonomic units (OTUs), species richness and diversity index were higher in the hindgut than in the midgut of all insect samples analyzed. The dominant phyla or classes were Firmicutes (54.0%), Bacteroidetes (14.5%), ${\gamma}-Proteobacteria$ (12.3%) in all xylophagous insects except for Rhinotermitidae. The principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) showed that the bacterial community structure mostly clustered according to phylogeny of hosts rather than their habitats. In our study, the two carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-degrading isolates which showed the highest enzyme activity were most closely related to Bacillus toyonensis $BCT-7112^T$ and Lactococcus lactis subsp. hordniae $NCDO\;2181^T$, respectively. Cellulolytic enzyme activity analysis showed that ${\beta}-1,4-glucosidase$, ${\beta}-1,4-endoglucanase$ and ${\beta}-1,4-xylanase$ were higher in the hindgut of Cerambycidae. The results demonstrate that xylophagous insect guts harbor diverse gut bacteria, including valuable cellulolytic bacteria, which could be used for various biotechnological applications.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.39 no.1 s.115
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• pp.62-72
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• 2006

Biological health in aquatic environments has been assessed by several approaches using various bio-taxa. Especially, fish has been identified as one of the best ecological indicators for an integrative health assessments in aquatic environments. In this preliminary study, the necropsy-based approach using the Health Assessment Index (Adams et al., 1993; HAI, Blazer, 2000), was employed for the assessments of aquatic environments influenced by effluent water from wastewater disposal plants (WDP) near a urban stream (i.e., Cap-Stream). For the impact analysis from the effluents, we developed 10 metric necropsy-based model including $M_l\;skin,\;M_2\;fin,\;M_3\;thymus,\;M_4\;spleen,\;M_5\;hindgut,\;M_6\;kidney,\;M_7\;liver.\;M_8\;eyes,\;M_9\;gill,\;and\;M_{10}$ pseudobranch. We set up duplicate controls (natural upstream water plus 5 fishes in each control tank) and duplicate treatments (effluent water from the WDP plus 5 fishes in each treatment tank) in the laboratory. Preliminary results showed that HAI values in the controls were zero, indicating an excellent condition by the criteria of HAI, while the HAI values in the treatments ranged between 40 and 150, indicating a poor condition. Also, various health conditions, based on the index of biological integrity (IBI), species richness, tolerance guilds, and trophic guilds supported the HAI approach. The HAI approach, not applied in Korea, not may be used as an surrogate fer ecological health assessment in lotic ecosystems.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.194-201
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• 2011

Caudal-related homeodomain proteins play critical roles in intestine development and maintenance from Drosophila to humans. The loss or reduction of CDX1 and CDX2 are known to be associated with colon cancers. It has been well known that colorectal carcinogenesis is associated with serious oxidative stress and that catalase is decreased in colon carcinomas. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we report that Caudal-related homeodomain proteins positively regulate catalase expression in both Drosophila and humans. We found that Drosophila caudal heterozygotes have a decreased catalase expression and increased ROS generation in the hindgut, and that the overexpression of Caudal increases catalase promoter activity and catalase mRNA levels. We also found that CDX1 and CDX2 up-regulate catalase promoter activity and protein levels in HCT116 cells - human colorectal carcinoma cell lines. The level of catalase protein in several colorectal carcinoma cell lines was associated with CDX1 expression. These results suggest that CDX1 and CDX2 may be involved in intestinal homeostasis and tumorigenesis via regulation of catalase expression.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.185-193
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• 2009

A complete cDNA, which encodes for a myostatin-like protein (Es-MSTN), was isolated from the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. Es-MSTN was composed of 2,397 nucleotides and the open reading frame (ORF) specified a protein containing 468 amino acids. Es-MSTN exhibited 32% amino acid sequence identity and 52% similarity to human myostatin. Multiple sequence alignment analysis indicated that Es-MSTN possessed the conserved proteolytic cleavage site (RXXR) for maturation of the protein and nine cysteine residues for disulfide bridges. Besides the conserved structural features, Es-MSTN also exhibits its unique characters; a longer N-terminal domain which is involved in protein folding and latent form of myostatin and absence of the cleavage site for BMP-1/tolloid family of metalloproteinase to activate mature myostatin. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that Es-MSTN showed the closely related to both vertebrate myostatin and GDF11. Es-MSTN is expressed highly in the claw muscle, leg muscle, thoracic muscle and heart, and moderately in the hindgut suggesting that Es-MSTN may play important roles in the muscle tissues. As homolog of mammalian myostatin and GDF11, Es-MSTN may be involved in development of muscular tissue and further study will help to produce high-quality seafood.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Sericultural Science Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.77-78
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• 2003

A novel -1, 4-endoglucanase (EGase, EC 3.2.1.4) cDNA belonging to glycoside hydrolase family (GHF) 45 was cloned from the mulberry longicorn beetle, Apriona germari. The cDNA encoding EGase of A. germari (Ag-EGase) is 711 base pairs long with an open reading frame of 237 amino acid residues. The deduced protein sequence of Ag-EGase showed 54% and 48% identity to phytophagous beetle Phaedon cochleariae and termite Reticulitermes speratus hindgut symbiont, respectively. (omitted)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 1990

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of blood-mixed and heat-treated protein feeds on protein degradation in the rumen, flow of protein to the abomasums and availability of undegraded protein in the intestine of sheep in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Soybean oil meal, rapeseed meal, and whole soybean were mixed with fresh swine blood and dried at $140^{\circ}C$ for 2 h. Proportionate disappearance of apparently digested OM in the postrumen for the blood and heat treated protein group was ranged from 43.2 to 50.5% as compared with 28.0% for the unheated soybean oil meal diet. The treated protein supplements were resulted in greater total N and NAN flow passing at the abomasums than untreated soybean oil meal diet was fed. The quantities of undegraded feed N passing at the abomasums for the treated protein diets was approximately twice as high as that of the untreated soybean oil meal diet and the estimated amount of undegraded N of the protein supplement itself was 79.1 to 84.2% as compared with 15% of soybean oil meal.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.121-140
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• 2020

Anaerobic fungi habitat in the gastrointestinal tract of foregut fermenters or hindgut fermenters and degrade fibrous plant biomass through the hydrolysis reactions with a wide variety of cellulolytic enzymes and physical penetration through fiber matrix with their rhizoids. To date, seventeen genera have been described in family Neocallimasticaceae, class Neocallimastigomycetes, phylum Neocallimastigomycota and one genus has been described in phylum Neocallimastigomycota. In National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database (DB), 23,830 nucleotide sequences and 59,512 protein sequences have been deposited and most of them were originated from Piromyces, Neocallimastix and Anaeromyces. Most of protein sequences (44,025) were acquired with PacBio next generation sequencing system. The whole genome sequences of Anaeromyces robustus, Neocallimastix californiae, Pecoramyces ruminantium, Piromyces finnis and Piromyces sp. E2 are available in Joint Genome Institute (JGI) database. According to the results of protein prediction, average Isoelectric points (pIs) were ranged from 5.88 (Anaeromyces) to 6.57 (Piromyces) and average molecular weights were ranged from 38.7 kDa (Orpinomyces) to 56.6 kDa (Piromyces). In Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes (CAZY) database, glycoside hydrolases (36), carbohydrate binding module (11), carbohydrate esterases (8), glycosyltransferase (5) and polysaccharide lyases (3) from anaerobic fungi were registered. During four decades, 1,031 research articles about anaerobic fungi were published and 444 and 719 articles were available in PubMed (PM) and PubMed Central (PMC) DB.