• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.34-43
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• 2020

The objectives of this study was to compare palatability changes of the longissimus thoracis (LT) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles of Hanwoo steers from different beef quality grades (1⁺ and 1) during 28 d of wet-aging in order to improve the utilization of the VL muscle as a steak. The VL muscle showed a higher collagen content and a lower intramuscular fat content than the LT muscle (p<0.05). As expected, the Warner-Bratzler shear force value was greater in the LT 1 grade (LT-1) muscle than the LT-1⁺ muscle (p<0.05); whereas no difference was observed between the grades in the VL muscle at 24 h postmortem. Compared to 0 d of aging, tenderness scores significantly increased after 14 and 21 d of aging in the LT and VL muscles, respectively (p<0.05). Additionally, there was no difference in tenderness score between the VL-1⁺ aged for 21 d and the LT-1 at 24 h postmortem, although tenderness score was greater in the LT than the VL at each period (p<0.05). Moreover, the VL-1⁺ steak exhibited a higher tenderness score than the VL-1 steak at 21 and 28 d of aging (p<0.05). On the other hand, the effect of aging time on juiciness and flavor in the VL muscle was somewhat limited unlike the LT muscle. Taken together, the VL muscle requires a longer aging time than the LT muscle to improve consumer preference. Considering the tenderness, using a higher quality grade for aging is more useful in the VL muscle.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.89-97
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• 2007

This study compares, analyzes and reevaluates color conditions and images before and after the execution of the 7th curriculum with elementary schools in Gwang-ju Metropolitan City based on the fact that color among physical environments of elementary classrooms has an important influence on children's emotion and draws problems and aims to accumulate the basic materials for preparing guidelines of improving color environment at general classrooms of elementary schools. Consequently, according to color conditions, major colors on ceiling and wall were high brightness/nigh chroma of Y and YR line regardless of division of grades and other color factors of classroom showed that wall and ceiling used similar colors, but brightness was higher after change than before it. In evaluation of color images, lower grades showed negative color images such as 'common,' 'rustic,' and 'strange' before change, but they showed positive color images after change such as 'clean,' 'unique,' and 'soft'. But, most of higher grades showed negative reactions before change such as 'common,' 'strange,' and 'rustic' and they showed positive reactions after change only in such items as 'clean,' 'warm,' and 'unique', but Indicated negative reactions in remaining items such as 'strange,' 'rustic,' 'stiff,' and 'artificial'. Accordingly, in using colors for lower grade classroom, arrangement of colors through adjustment of brightness and chroma between ceiling, wall and other components based on coloring of high brightness and low chroma of similar colors should be considered and for higher grade classroom, arrangement of colors of unique images of mid-brightness/mid-chroma among warm color lines of similar colors should be examined.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.719-729
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was done to examine relationships between nurse staffing level and postsurgical patient outcomes using inpatient database from the National Health Insurance. Methods: Records of 111,491 patients who received one of 12 types of surgery between January and December, 2009 were identified and analyzed in this study. Nurse staffing level was measured using adjusted nurse staffing grades from 0 to 7. Patient outcomes were defined as in-hospital mortality, or pneumonia, sepsis, or urinary tract infection after surgery. Logistic regression analyses estimated by Generalized Estimation Model, were used to analyze the association between nurse staffing level and patient outcomes. Results: An inverse relationship was found between nurse staffing and patient mortality. Compared with patients who were cared for in hospitals with the highest nurse staffing (Grades 0-1), increases in the odds of dying were found in those with Grades 6-7 [OR (odds ratio)=2.99, 95% CI (confidence interval)=1.94-4.60], those with Grades 4-5 (OR=1.78, 95% CI=1.24-2.57) and those with Grades 2-3 (OR=1.57, 95% CI=1.25-1.98). Lower nurse staffing level was also associated with higher number of cases in pneumonia and sepsis. Conclusion: Policies for providing adequate nurse staffing is required to enhance quality of care and lead to better perioperative patient outcomes.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.85-99
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• 2011

Grinding is an indispensible step in preparation of espresso coffee. The purpose of this study was to evaluate physicochemical and sensory characteristics of espresso according to the grinding grades of coffee beans. Specifically, physicochemical characteristics according to the grinding grades of coffee beans were tested based on foam index, persistence of foam, total solids, concentration, extraction yield, pH, viscosity, total soluble solid content and density. With regard to sensory characteristics, QDA were carried out by 10 trained panels. Persistence of foam, total solids, concentration, extraction, pH and viscosity in physicochemical test showed significant differences among the three categories of the samples. In other words, the finer the size of particles was, the higher value was, at the p=0.001 value. Meanwhile, the value of foam index and total soluble solid content to the grinding grades was the highest in 'fine', at the p=0.001 value. Tiger-skin effect in crema, an important attribute for excellent espresso coffee, was perceived by all of the panels in 'fine'. Also, intensity of flavor was perceived as to the strongest in 'fine'. Moreover, 'fine' had the sweetness to balance the acids and bitters. In conclusion, according to the grinding grades, it was identified that there were differences in the physicochemical and sensory characteristics. Furthermore, when the size of particles was 'fine', it brought to the most positive result.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.273-288
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• 2009

This study analyzed gender differences in variability with the results of National Assessment of Educational Achievement on Mathematics from 2003 to 2006, which subjects are 3rd, 9th and 10th grades. The purpose of the analysis was to explain gender differences in mean of mathematical ability scores from a different angle. The results and conclusions obtained in this study are as follows: First, regardless of grades and mean differences, male assessment scores were consistently more variable than female assessment scores. Second, for same male and female students, scores in later grades were almost consistently more variable than those in earlier grades. Third, for all grades, the ratios of males in an advanced and below-basic levels were generally higher than those of females in the same achievement levels.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.305-316
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• 2013

The strategy for increasing the palatability of Hanwoo beef through fattening could lead to a decline in yield grade. The aim of this study was to examine the meat quality traits of Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle from carcasses of Hanwoo steers at different yield grades. A total of 246 Hanwoo steers was divided into the following yield grades: A (n=77), B (n=76) and C (n=93). Meat quality traits, including proximate composition, cholesterol content, nucleotide content, dipeptide content, creatine and creatinine, free amino acid content, fatty acid composition, instrumental meat color, pH, water holding capacity, drip loss, cooking loss, and sensory qualities of the LD muscle from the 3 yield grades of Hanwoo carcasses were measured. The decline in yield grade from A to C resulted in an increase in crude fat and cholesterol content as well as a decrease in inosine 5'-monophosphate and aspartic acid in the LD muscle (p<0.05). In terms of fatty acid composition, the LD muscle from yield grade A had higher SFA and PUFA and lower MUFA content than that from yield grade C (p<0.05). However, the ratio of PUFA/SFA and n-6/n-3 did not differ among LD muscles from the 3 yield grades. There were no significant differences among other meat quality traits in relation to the yield grade. In conclusion, we suggest that the changes of substances related with health and flavor can be considered in order to obtain better quality Hanwoo beef.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.376-388
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• 2023

After a longitudinal analysis of the data on the college entrance examination of students enrolled in the Department of Chemistry Education at Gyeongnam from 2014 to 2021, the effect on the academic achievement of general chemistry according to the type of college entrance examination was studied. And the impact on the academic achievement of general chemistry according to the type of admission screening in face-to-face and non-face-to-face teaching-learning was also studied. As a result of analyzing the academic achievement of general chemistry by admission process, students admitted through occasional screening showed relatively high grades of A and B at 88.7%, and the ratio of grades of 1~3 of chemistry I in high school was high. On the other hand, in the case of students admitted through regular admission, the ratio of grades of A and B in general chemistry was very high at 94.3%, and the ratio of grades of 3~4 in chemistry I of the College Scholastic Ability Test was high. As a result of analyzing the academic achievement of general chemistry by class type and admission process, it was found that the grades of chemistry I by face-to-face classes had an effect on the academic achievement of general chemistry in non-face-to-face classes. In both admissions, the academic achievement of general chemistry by face-to-face classes was relatively higher than that of non-face-to-face-to-face classes.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.17-33
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• 2000

The aim of this study is having the status, knowledge and attitude of the high school attendees toward smoking be analyzed, helping to make effective health education methods to diminish adolescent smoking habits. The field self-questionnaire investigation has been performed from Oct 10th through 23rd in 1999. The whole 427 cases were distributed to 1st and 2nd grade students of randomly selected men's high school in Seoul. And 414 cases (97%) were finally selected for analysis after exclusion of cases with insufficient information. The main contents of questionnaire are composed of several sectors; the general characteristics of the interviewees, the relationship with parents, the life style and the peer relationship in school. And smoking-related characteristics are taken into consideration, too. The major findings of the study are as follows: The smoking/non-smoking related factors are, in socio-demographical terms, the grade, average spending per month of the interviewees. And the degree of satisfactory relationship with parents is significant on smoking behavior. The higher, the degree of satisfaction on school life and relationship with designated teacher, the more chances of non-smoking habit. Poor academic grades and peer group dependability of interviewees cause higher smoking habit rate in other way. The self-interviewees grade and cohabitation with parents are also significant on both the attitude toward smoking habit and the knowledge on smoking statistically. The academic history and vocations of the parents and the academic grades of interviewees are also effective variables, but don't make any gap between groups knowledge on smoking. Smoking groups used to have positive attitude toward smoking habit. Both the attitude and knowledge on smoking by the consideration of Quit-smoking have statistically significance. The groups which have negative attitude and high knowledge on smoking quit-smoking into consideration. And the primary cause of quit-smoking is on health by smoking. Depression, stress, adult smoking in the house, peer group pressure, cigarettes advertisements on papers and magazines and smoking scenes on TV have positive correlation on forming smoking habit (p〈0.001) But the knowledge on diseases triggered by smoking has negative correlation on forming smoking habit. (p〈0.05, p〈0.001). Social factors as monthly spending, relationship and communication with parents, the degree of satisfaction in school life, academic grades and student-teacher relationship have crucial negative correlation on smoking habit. That is to say, the higher, the monthly spending is, the worse, the relationship with parents and teachers is, the lower, the academic grades of the student is, the percentage of the interviewees who have smoking habit seems to get higher.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.241-257
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• 1997

This study identifies a basic framework to analyze specific experiences of examinees so that which nurses are better able to understand reactions of examinees and, further, to provide better nursing treatments to them. This study follows Strauss & Corbin's analysis tool (1990). This basic framework identifies the specific mental reactions in a process away from the "being tightened" state. The main factors explaining this process include the 28 following variables : anxiety, being burdened, being suppressed, lack of agency, being suffocated, term pressure, expectation pressure, grade pressure, firmness, feebleness, helping others, being disturbed, watching others, off ficiousness, staightening on, depending on, getting along with, getting out of, shooting out, giving up, being alone, devoting, bracing up, being industrious, being harassed, being distressed, troubles, and quiting. Twelve variables are factored from the above factors which include pressure, being tighened, terms, expectations, grades, will, friends, family, open-minded confrontation, close-minded confrontation, pursuing, and wandering around. The Examinees' state of being tightened is first developed, watched by others, and finally resolved causing students either to pursue (positive reactions) or to wander around (negative reactions). Based on the theoretical framework, the following sixteen hypotheses are developed : 1. Students are less tightened in the first term. 2. Students are more tightened in the second term. 3. Students with higher grades feel less tightened. 4. Students with lower grades feel more tightened. 5. Students with higher expectations feel more tightened. 6. Students with lower expectations feel less tightened. 7. Students who are less tightened confront open-mindedly. 8. Students who are higher tightened confront close-mindedly. 9. Students with a strong will confront open-mindedly. 10. Students with a weak will confront close-mindedly. 11. Students who have more sincere friends confront open-mindedly. 12. Students who have less sincere frieds confront close-mindedly. 13. Students with family support confront open-mindedly. 14. Students with little family support confront close-mindedly. 15. Students confronting open-mindedly pursue. 16. Students confronting close-mindedly wander. We identify the following four relations from the data analysis : 1. Students with average grades in their first term are more tightened from high expectations and have a tendency to wander if they have less supporting families even if they also have a strong will and sincere friends. 2. Students with low grades in their second term are less tighened because of low expectations and have a tendency to wander if they have a weak will and few sincere friends even if they have strong family support. 3. Students with high grades in their second term are more tightened with high expectations and have a tendency to pursue confrontations open-mindedly if they have supporting families and a strong will even if they have few sincere friends. 4. Students with average grades in their first term are less tightened from fewer expectations and have a tendency to pursue confrontations open-mindedly when they have more supporting families and sincere friends even if they have a weak will. A Student's degree of being tightened are affected by grades, terms, and expectations. Being tightened is resolved positively or negatively based on will, friends, and family. We conclude that will, family support, and sincere friends cause students to confront "being tightened" open-mindedly. We also conclude that practical nursing for students who are tightened have to focus on creating environments in which students are able to confront open-mindedly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.143-153
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• 2003

This study was conducted in order to provide basic study material for children's garment design. The subjects of this study are fifth and sixth grade elementary school girls, who demonstrate rapid growth and the differences among individual somatic types are apparent. Their bodies are studied, categorized into patterns and the characteristics are examined. 1 The increase of height and length measurements according to age increase are much larger than that of breadth, depth and girth menasurments. 2. Eight factors are drawn upon factor analysis and the rate of factors comprisedare 78.68%. 3. The shapes of lower body of higher grades girls in elementary school are classified into three categories. The first type is slender in lower body and the second type is more contoured around waist area with longer length and higher height than the average elementary school girls. The third type is heavy in the lower body. 4. Eighteen items important for somatic categorization are selected through stepwise discriminant analysis and the exactitude rate of these items is 93.3%.