• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.49-58
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• 2021

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of white pan bread added with Kamut (Triticum turgidum spp.) on high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese C57BL/6 mice. Methods: The white pan bread or white pan bread with Kamut (BK) were administered for 8 weeks in HFD-induced obese C57BL/6 mice. To evaluate the effect and its mechanisms of BK on obese mice, we measured body weight change, serum lipid profiles, histopathological analysis, and protein expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBPα) in the liver. Results: Administration of BK significantly decreased body weight in HFD-induced obese mice. In addition, BK-administered group significantly reduced serum total cholesterol, glucose, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared with the HFD-induced control group. The HFD-induced mice had damaged liver tissue and increased the size of adipose tissue, but BK-administered group attenuated liver damage and decreased the size of adipocyte. Furthermore, administration of BK significantly down-regulated C/EBPα in the liver compared with HFD-fed mice. In particular, BK-administered group has higher inhibited body weight, serum lipid profiles, and C/EBPα expressions than white pan bread-administered group. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that administration of BK attenuated HFD-induced obesity by regulation of C/EBPα than consumption of white pan bread. Therefore, BK could be developed as a bread for prevention of obesity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.9
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• pp.1035-1044
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of freeze-dried garlic powder (FDGP) on the lipid metabolism in rats fed a high fat-cholesterol (HFC) diet for 4 weeks to induce hyperlipidemia. The rats were divided into the following four experimental groups: normal diet group (NC), HFC diet group (HFC), HFC+FDGP 5 mg/100 g body weight (BW) group (FGT-1), and HFC+FDGP 15 mg/100 g BW group (FGT-2). Body weight gains and food efficiency ratios were significantly lower in the FGT groups compared to the HFC group, and the food intake was not significantly different in all experimental groups. Serum total lipid, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels were significantly lower in the FGT groups compared to the HFC group. Total lipid content of the FGT-2 group was reduced by about 9% and 12% compared to the FGT-1 group and HFC group, respectively. The FGT groups also showed about 10% reductions low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, atherogenic index (AI), and cardiac risk factor (CRF) compared to the HFC group. Liver function index (alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase) and lipid components were significantly lower in the FGT groups compared to the HFC group. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances content of serum and liver tissue was reduced in the FGT groups compared to the HFC group, and was lower in the FGT-2 group compared to the FGT-1 group in serum. Antioxidant activities in serum and liver tissue were in the order of FGT-2> FGT-1> HFC group, significantly. In conclusion, FDGP effectively reduced the lipid components of serum and liver tissue. Feeding FDGP did not increase high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, but reduced LDL-cholesterol content, AI and CRF, especially. This shows that FDGP, will be effective in preventing and improving cardiovascular diseases such as arteriosclerosis and hyperlipidemia.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.168-183
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• 2023

Purpose: Cardiovascular disease is one of the major causes of death not only in Korea but also worldwide. Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) has been extensively investigated, but studies on nutritional intake and eating habits are scarce. The purpose of this study was to analyze the general characteristics, dietary habits, and nutritional status of Korean adults based on their AIP values using data from the 2013-2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Methods: A total number of 3,040 adults in their 20s and 30s were included as study subjects. They were divided into quintiles according to their AIP values. Comparisons were then made among the general information, eating habits, and nutritional intake statuses of the groups. Results: The averages of AIP were different by age, obese status, education, occupation, alcohol drinking frequency, smoking, and exercise in men. As for women, the averages of AIP were different by age, obese status, education, occupation, alcohol drinking frequency, and smoking status. Except for high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, higher AIP values in men were associated with significant increasing trends in health indicators, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, insulin, hemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol. As for women, as AIP increased, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol showed significant increasing trends except HDL-cholesterol. HDL-cholesterol showed a significant decreasing trend as AIP increased in men and women. In the high AIP group of women, the frequency of breakfast was lower, whereas the frequency of alcohol beverage consumption was higher. Conclusion: Among young adults, the risk of arteriosclerosis was higher in obese, smoking, and non-exercise individuals. More frequent alcohol drink consumption in women is associated with a higher risk of arteriosclerosis. Therefore, weight and lifestyle management are necessary for the prevention of atherosclerosis among young adults.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.199-210
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• 2003

The effect of feeding a cyclic oligosaccharide, $\beta$-cyclodextrin($\beta$CD) on plasma cholesterol and triacylglyceride concentrations and on antithrombotic activity were investigated in rats fed a control chow diet, or one either high in cholesterol or in saturated fat. The bleeding time of $\beta$CD-fed groups was significantly prolonged by 293%, 157% and 218% in normal, high cholesterol and high fat diet fed groups, respectively, as compared to the control group(p<0.05). The whole blood clotting time was significantly increased by 202%, 168% and 211% in normal, high cholesterol and high fat diet fed groups as compared to control group, respectively(p<0.05). The $\beta$CD diet caused a marked decrease in plasma total lipid(TL), triacylglyceride(TAG), total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein- cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations. The plasma TL concentration was significantly decreased by 70%, 82% and 87% in normal, high cholesterol and high fat diet fed groups as compared to the control group, respectively(p<0.05). The plasma TAG concentration was significantly decreased by 89%, 43% and 59% in normal, high cholesterol and high fat diet fed groups, respectively, as compared to the control group(p<0.05). The plasma TC concentration was significantly decreased by 28%, 62% and 36% in normal, high cholesterol and high fat diet fed groups, respectively, as compared to the control group(p<0.05). The LDL-C concentration was significantly decreased by 39%, 54% and 25% in normal, high cholesterol and high fat diet fed groups as compared to control group, respectively(p<0.05). The plasma total bile acids contents of $\beta$CD group was significantly increased by 66%, 95% and 97% in normal, high cholesterol and high fat diet fed groups as compared to control group, respectively(p<0.05). The hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity was significantly lowered by 41% in the $\beta$CD-fed group compared to normal diet fed rats(p<0.05). The fecal steroid excretions of the $\beta$CD groups was significantly increased by 167% in normal diet fed rats(p<0.05). These results suggest that the $\beta$CD has a biological active function on antithrombotic activity and is hypolipidemic, hypotriglyceridemic and hypocholesterolimic agents. These are all effects that can help to prevent obesity and coronary heart disease in humans.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2018

Korean Red Ginseng (RG) are used as a traditional treatment for improve blood circulation. This experimental study was designed to investigate the inhibitory effects of Korean red ginseng on lipid metabolism in high fat/cholesterol diet (HFCD)-induced hypertriglyceridemia. Sprague Dawley rats were fed the HFCD diet with/without fluvastatin (Flu, positive control) 3 mg/kg/day, and RG 125 or 250 mg/kg/day, respectively. All groups received regular diet or HFCD diet, respectively, for 13 weeks. The last three groups treatment of Flu and RG 125, and RG 250 orally for a period of 9 weeks. Group 1, reular diet; group 2, HFCD diet; group 3, Flu + HFCD diet; group 4, RG 125 + HFCD diet; group 5, RG 250 + HFCD diet. As a result, treatment with low or high doses of RG markedly attenuated plasma levels of triglycerides and augmented plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in HFCD-fed rats. RG and Flu also led to an increase in lipoprotein lipase activity in the HFCD group. On the other hand, RG and Flu led to an decrease in fatty acid synthase and free fatty acid activity in the HFCD group. Treatment with RG suppressed increased expressions of $PPAR-{\alpha}$ and AMPK in HFCD rat liver or muscle. In addition, the RG attenuated triglyceridemia by inhibition of $PPAR-{\gamma}$ and FABP protein expression levels and LXR and SREBP-1 gene expression in liver or muscle. The RG significantly prevented the development of the metabolic disturbances such as hypertriglyceridemia and hyperlipidemia. Taken together, the administration of RG improves hypertriglyceridemia through the alteration in suppression of triglyceride synthesis and accentuated of triglyceride decomposition. These results suggested that RG is useful in the prevention or treatment of hypertriglyceridemia.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.375-380
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• 2011

This study was performed to investigate cholesterol improvement effects of adding fermented defatted soybean grit (FD) and FD added to 5 or 10% Corchorus olitorius (FDC). Cholesterol adsorption in the FD and FDC group was more than 70%. Apolipoprotein AI and CIII improved in HepG2 cells, and a greater improvement effect was shown in FDC than that in FD. We also investigated the effect of FDC on body lipid metabolism and a high-fat diet for 4 weeks. Rats were divided into control (Con), high-fat (HF), HF treated with 20% FD (HF-FD), and HF treated with 20% FDC (HF-FDC) groups. Plasma total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations, hepatic total cholesterol, and triglyceride contents were significantly lower in the HF-FDC group than those in the HF group. Additionally, fecal total cholesterol and triglyceride contents increased in rats treated with FDC. Hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activities were significantly lower in the HF-FDC group than those in the HF group.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.215-222
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementation diets of powdered mulberry leaves on egg production, egg quality and blood characteristics in laying hens. Laying hens were fed diets for 30 days containing 0% powdered mulberry leaves (Control), 1% powdered mulberry leaves (T1), 2% powdered mulberry leaves (T2), and 5% powdered mulberry leaves (T3). The egg production, yolk weight and albumen weight were no significant difference among treatment groups. The albumen weight was significantly decreased by the supplementation of powdered mulberry leaves in all treatment groups (P<0.05). The albumen high, yolk color score, egg sell thickness and egg shell breaking strength were no significant difference. The total cholesterol and triglyceride concentration of control was higher than T3, and the high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentration and glucose of control were lower than treatment groups (P<0.05). The white blood cell (WBC) was significantly increased by the supplementation of powdered mulberry leaves compared to the control (P<0.05). In conclusion, these data indicate that 5% powdered mulberry leaves supplementation was most effective in decreasing total cholesterol and triglyceride and increasing HDL-cholesterol, glucose and WBC.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.291-298
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• 2021

In this study, we investigated whether the combined administration of berberine (BBR) and silibinin (SBN) was effective in improving hyperlipidemia and anti-obesity efficacy using a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed obese mouse model. HFD-induced obese mice were supplemented with the BBR and SBN combination (BBR-SBN) along with the HFD administration for 8 weeks. During the experiment, body weight, food intake, and levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol were analyzed. Consumption of HFD in the mice caused rapid increases in body weight and the levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides compared to the normal control (NC) group. However, supplementation of BBR-SBN in these obese mice significantly reduced body weight gain and suppressed the levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride with the increment of HDL cholesterol level. In the HFD-fed group, abdominal fat weight was significantly increased and the adipocytes within the epididymal adipose tissue were found to have expanded sizes compared to the NC group. However, in the BBR-SBN group, the sizes of the adipocytes were comparable to those of the NC group and abdominal fat weight was significantly reduced. Moreover, the deposition of giant vesicular fat cells in liver tissues seen in the HFD-fed group was considerably reduced in the BBR-SBN group. These results suggest that the BBR-SBN combination tends to have synergic potential as an anti-obesity agent by significantly reducing body weight gain as well as lowering serum lipid levels and thus improving anti-obesity efficacy in HFD-induced obese mice.

• The Journal of the Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2005

Background and purpose: Arterial stiffness is an important, independent determinant of cardiovascular risk. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) has been used as a valuable index of arterial stiffness and as a surrogate marker for atherosclerosis. The Framingham risk score was developed using categorized risk factors to predict the 10 year absolute risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD). This algorithm is established using recommended guidelines for blood pressure, total cholesterol, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in addition to age, smoking history and history of diabetes. Tongxinluo(TXL) has been shown to have anti hyperlipidemic activity and anti atherogenic effects. To determine its efficacy and safety, we examined whether TXL improves PWV, ABI, Framingham score, blood pressure, and lipid profile in high risk group of cardiovascular diseases. Subjects and methods: 49 subjects with the high risk of cardiovascular diseases were recruited. Subjects were administered TXL with the dose of 1110mg three times a day for 8 weeks. baPWV, ABI, Framingham risk score, Blood pressure and serum lipid profile were assessed at baseline and after 4 and 8weeks. Results: Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, total lipid and phospolipid significantly decreased after 4 weeks of medication. Total cholesterol, total lipid and phospolipid significantly decreased after 8 weeks of medication. There were no significant changes in Framingham risk scores, ABI, PWV and blood pressure. On safety assessment, there were no adverse effects, hepatic or renal toxicity. Conclusion: We suggest that TXL is a safe and useful herbal medicine for hyperlipidemia and as for anti-atherognic effects, further research would be necessary.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.622-629
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• 2011

This study was performed to investigate the effect of rice bran dietary fiber powder on serum lipid levels, bowel function, and mineral absorption in rats. Four weeks old male Sprague Dawley rats(SD rat) were divided into four groups : control group fed 5% cellulose as a fiber source, RB10 fed 5% of cellulose and 10% of rice bran dietary fiber powder, RB20 and RB30. The animals were fed the experimental diets for 4 weeks. Serum lipid levels were not significantly different among the groups. But, fecal total cholesterol(TC), triglycerides(TG), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-c) excretion increased in the RB30 group. Fecal weight and fecal water content were higher in the rice bran added groups than those in the control group. Transit time was significantly shorter in the rice bran fiber-added groups than that in the control. Weight of the stomach and large intestine in the RB20 and RB30 groups were significantly greater than those in the other groups. Absorption rates of Ca, Mg, P, and Zn decreased significantly in the RB30 group compared to those in the other groups. A high amount of rice bran increased fecal lipids, including TC, TG and HDL-c. Rice bran increased fecal weight and fecal water content and shortened gastrointestinal transit time. However, a high level of rice bran diet decreased mineral absorption rates.