• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.39 no.4
• /
• pp.258-263
• /
• 2019

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has become increasingly used as a rapid and accurate method of evaluating some chemical compositions in forages. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of NIRS, applied to imported forage, to estimate the moisture and chemical parameters for imported hays. A population of 392 imported hay representing a wide range in chemical parameters was used in this study. Samples of forage were scanned at 1 nm intervals over the wavelength range 680-2500nm and the optical data was recorded as log 1/Reflectance(log 1/R), which scanned in intact fresh condition. The spectral data were regressed against a range of chemical parameters using partial least squares(PLS) multivariate analysis in conjunction with spectral math treatments to reduced the effect of extraneous noise. The optimum calibrations were selected based on the highest coefficients of determination in cross validation(R²) and the lowest standard error of cross-validation(SECV). The results of this study showed that NIRS predicted the chemical parameters with very high degree of accuracy. The R² and SECV for imported hay calibration were 0.92(SECV 0.61%) for moisture, 0.98(SECV 0.65%) for acid detergent fiber, 0.97(SECV 0.40%) for neutral detergent fiber, 0.99(SECV 0.06%) for crude protein and 0.97(SECV 3.04%) for relative feed value on a dry matter(%), respectively. Results of this experiment showed the possibility of NIRS method to predict the moisture and chemical composition of imported hay in Korea for routine analysis method to evaluate the feed value.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.24 no.12
• /
• pp.1339-1344
• /
• 2014

Inflammatory bowel disease is an immune disorder associated with chronic mucosal inflammation and severe ulceration in the gastrointestinal tract. Antibodies against proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF${\alpha}$, are currently used as promising therapeutic agents against the disease. Stabilization of the transcript is a crucial post-transcriptional process in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. In the present study, we assessed the expression and histological distribution of the HuR protein, an important transcript stabilizer, in tissues from experimental animals and patients with Crohn's disease. The total and cytosolic levels of the HuR protein were enhanced in the intestinal epithelia from dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-treated mice compared to those in control tissues from normal mice. Moreover, the expression of HuR was very high only in the mucosal and glandular epithelium, and the relative localization of the protein was sequestered in the lower parts of the villus during the DSS insult. The expression of HuR was significantly higher in mucosal lesions than in normal-looking areas. Consistent with the data from the animal model, the expression of HuR was confined to the mucosal and glandular epithelium. These results suggest that HuR may contribute to the post-transcriptional regulation of proinflammatory genes during early mucosal insults. More mechanistic investigations are warranted to determine the potential use of HuR as a predictive biomarker or a promising target against IBD.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.207-214
• /
• 2012

In this study, cabbage ($Brassica$ $oleracea$ var. $capitata$) Kimchi was made packed into four kinds of packaging materials, PET vessel, PP tray, OPP/AL/PE film and Nylon/PE/LLDP film, and the effects of these packaging materials on Kimchi quality characteristics, such as lactic acid bacteria counts, salinity, sugar contents, pH, total acidity, electron donating ability were examine as well as their effects on the sensory qualities after storage at a temperature of $4^{\circ}C$. The pH change ranged from pH 6.24 to 6.43 shortly after manufacture, and did not significantly change until 7 days of storage. However, it began to decrease rapidly after 14 days. On the 35th day of storage, the acidity was 0.79% in the PET vessel and 0.83% in OPP/AL/PE. Therefore, the PET vessel and OPP/AL/PE were considered appropriate packaging materials for Kimchi storage. The salinity did not change significantly during the storage period, and the sugar content generally increased in the four kinds of packaging materials, but decreasing after the 7th day of storage. After 14 days of storage, the Kimchi stored in the OPP/AL/PE film showed the highest lactic acid bacteria counts. Although the electron donating ability was the highest after proper time for fermentation, it decreased in all the packaging materials after the proper time for fermentation. However, the OPP/AL/PE film had an antioxidant potential of up to 93.18%. In the sensory evaluation, fermented Kimchi was found to be superior unfermented Kimchi. In addition, the Kimchi stored in the OPP/AL/PE film for 14 days showed the high score of 6.70 and 6.60 in overall preference. Therefore, the results of this study provide basic knowledge on the fermentation level and packaging material's condition for commercialization of small packed cabbage Kimchi. Henceforth, industrialization must include a variety of studies under these conditions to increase the merchantability.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.17-28
• /
• 2007

This study was conducted to analyze the optimum heading period according to the recent climatic change for improvement of rice yield and grain quality in the Yeongnam area. We analyzed climatic elements including daily mean air temperature, daily range of air temperature, sunshine hours, and amount of precipitation from 1996 to 2005 in comparison with those of the 1971 to 2000 normal. Daily mean air temperature and amount of precipitation in the recent 10 years increased, but daily range of air temperature and sunshine hours decreased in comparison with the norm. Also, monthly mean air temperature was lowered remarkably in July and August. The monthly amount of precipitation largely increased in August and September. The daily range of air temperature and sunshine hours were greatly decreased from August to October, Possible cultivation periods for rice in the recent 10 years ranged from 171 days in Boughwa to 228 days in Busan and was expanded about $1{\sim}13$ days in comparison with the normal. Optimum heading date by local regions for the maximum climatic yield potential was estimated as July 31 at Bonghwa to September 7 at Busan, Masan, and Tongyeong in the recent 10 years. There was a wide difference in optimum heading date according to local legions of the Yeongnam area. Compared to the normal, optimum heading date in the recent 10 years was delayed about I~8 days in most local regions except Bonghwa, Mungyeong, and Yeongdeok. These results suggested that it is necessary to develop late maturity rice cultivars for producing high yield and quality rice grain due to the recent climatic change. Moreover, it is still more important to select the most suitable cultivation period appropriate to the changed climate of each local region in Yeongnam area.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.42 no.2
• /
• pp.103-109
• /
• 2009

Soils originated from limestone, located at the southern part of Kangwon province and Jecheon, Danyang of Chungbuk province are mainly composed of fine texture, and have different properties from soils originated from granite and granite gneiss, especially for water movement. This study was conducted for classification of hydrologic soil group (HSG) of soils originated from limestone by measuring the infiltration rate of surface soils and percolation rate of sub soils. Soils used for the experiment were 6 soils in total : Gwarim, Mosan, Jangseong, Maji, Anmi and Pyongan series. Infiltration and percolation rate were measured by a disc tension infiltrometer and a Guelph permeameter, respectively. Particle size distribution and organic matter content of the soils were analyzed. HSG, which was made by USDA NRCS(National Resources Conservation Service) for hydrology, of Gwarim series with O horizon of accumulated organic matter was classified as type A which show the properties of low runoff potential, rapid infiltration and percolation rate. HSG of Mosan series, which has high gravel content and very rapid permeability, was classified as type B/D because of the impermaeble base rock layer under 50cm from surface. HSG of Jangseong series with shallow soil depth was classified as type C/D owing to the impermaeble base rock layer under 50cm from surface. HSG of Maji series was type B, and HSG of Anmi series used as paddy land was type D because of slow infiltration and percolation rate caused by the disturbance of surface soil by puddling. HSG of Pyeongan series having a sudden change of layer in soil texture was type D because of the slow percolation rate caused a the layer.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.41 no.1
• /
• pp.55-64
• /
• 2008

A detailed understanding and appreciation of the important mechanisms operating at the soil:root interface, commonly identified as the rhizosphere, is critical for evaluating the potential for particular plant species to be successfully used as part of a phytoremediation technique. For specific plants, mechanisms may exist to overcome the inherit limitation of the phytoremediation technique when poorly mobile soil metals are of interest. In the present study, the influence of root exudates on the rhizosphere chemistry of soil and consequential metal uptake were investigated following culture of vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides), recognized as a promising plant for land stabilization, in three different long-term contaminated soils and one non-contaminated control soil. The soil solution pH increased (0.3-1.1 units) following vetiver grass culture and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) also significantly increased in all soils with the highest increase in PP02 (23 to $173mg\;L^{-1}$). Chemical changes are contributed to root exudation by vetiver grass when exposed to high concentration of heavy metals. Chemical changes, consequently, influenced metal (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) solubility and speciation in the rhizosphere. The highest solubility was observed for soil Ko01 (eg. 2091 and $318{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ for Cd and Pb, respectively). Initial heavy metal solubility in soils varied with soil and either increased or decreased following vetiver grass culture depending on the soil type. An increase in pH following plant culture generally resulted in a decrease in metal solubility, while elevated DOC due to root exudation resulted in an increase in metal solubility via the formation of metal-DOC complexes. Donnan speciation demonstrated a significant decrease in free Cd and Zn in the rhizosphere and the concentration of Cd, Pb, and Zn in vetiver grass shoot was highly correlated with soluble concentration rather than total soil metal concentration.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
• /
• v.35 no.6
• /
• pp.499-510
• /
• 2017

Traffic accident fatalities in Korea in 2016 was 4,292 and 1,732 cases were deaths of elderly people. In spite of this, the researches on behaviors of the elderly when crossing roads, are rather limited. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze road crossing behavior characteristics of the elderly, when crossing roads, especially focusing on the characteristics of pedestrians and vehicles. Cross-sectional data was collected from six different sites in two regions and the following results was identified. First, at road crossings, 528 cases(84.3%) out of 626 conflict situations of the elderly and 303 cases(63.3%) out of 478 conflict situations of the non-elderly pedestrians were found to be dangerous, respectively. The elderly tend to face a statistically significant risk of 3.11 times higher than that of non-elderly people. Second, 519 cases(82.9%) of jaywalking occurred in 626 conflict cases of the elderly and 375 cases(78.5%) of jaywalking in 478 conflict events of non-elderly persons, which indicates the elderly's 1.34 times higher trend compared with the non-elderly's. Third, the pedestrian safety margin (PSM) analysis showed that the PSM of the elderly and the non-elderly were 3.33 seconds and 4.04 seconds respectively, which is 17.5% high. Fourth, the difference in pedestrian safety interval was examined by dividing the speed of approaching vehicle into less than 30km/h, above 30km/h and less than 50km/h, and over 50km/h. There was no significant difference between the PSM of coming vehicles with the speed less than 30km/h and the PSM of approaching with the speed 30km/h~50km/h, but the conflicts with vehicle of the speed above 50km/h show significantly lower PSM than with vehicle speed of 30km/h~50km/h. Finally, when the risk threshold is set to less than 2.5 seconds, the analysis shows that older pedestrians tend to cross roads dangerously 1.59~2.53 times than younger pedestrians. The results set forth here can be used as a basis for constructing the elderly safety measures at present and a potential basis for autonomous vehicle safety application in the future for solving the issue of the difference in crossing behavior between elderly and non-elderly pedestrians.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.295-302
• /
• 2002

Purpose : The Purpose of this study was to establish general guidelines for the treatment of patients with early glottic carcinoma (T1-2N0M0), by assessing the role of primary radiotherapy and by analyzing the tumor-related and treatment-related factors that have an influence on the treatment results. Materials and Methods : This retrospective study was composed of 80 patients who suffered from early glottic carcinoma and were treated by primary radiotherapy at Pusan National University Hospital, between August 1987 and December 1996. The distribution of patients according to T-stage was 66 for stage T1 and 14 for stage T2. All of the patients were treated with conventional radical radiotherapy using a 6MV photon beams, a total tumor dose of $60\~75.6\;Gy$ (median 68.4 Gy), administered in 5 weekly fractions of $1.8\~2.0\;Gy$. The overall radiation treatment time was from 40 to 87 days, median 51 days. All patients were followed up for at least 3 years. Univariate and multivariate analysis was done to identify the prognostic factors affecting the treatment results. Results : The five-years survival rate was $89.2\%$ for all patients, $90.2\%$ for T1 and $82.5\%$ for T2. The local control rate was $81.3\%$ for all patients, $83.3\%$ for T1 and $71.4\%$ for T2. However, when salvage operations were taken into account, the ultimate local control rate was $91.3\%,\;T1\;94.5\%,\;T2\;79.4\%$, reprosenting an increase of $8\~12\%$ in the local control rate. The voice preservation rate was $89.2\%,\;T1\;94.7\%,\;T2\;81.3\%$. Fifteen patients suffered a relapse after radiotherapy, among whom 12 patients underwent salvage surgery. We included T-stage, tumor location, total radiation dose, fraction size, field size and overall radiation treatment time as potential prognostic factors. T-stage and overall treatment time were found to be statistically significant in the univariate analysis, but in the multivariate analysis, only the over-all treatment time was found to be significant. Conclusion : The high cure and voice preservation rates obtained when using a procedure, comprising a combination of radical radiotherapy and salvage surgery, may make this the treatment of choice for patients with early glottic carcinoma. However, the prognostic factors affecting the treatment results must be kept in mind, and more accurate treatment planning and further optimization of the radiation dose are necessary.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.87-96
• /
• 2007

Risk assessment was carried out in order to improve the remediation and management strategy on a contaminated gunnery site, where a flood control reservoir is under construction nearby. Six chemicals, including explosive chemicals and heavy metals, which were suspected to possess risk to humans by leaching events from the site were the target pollutants for the assessment. A site-specific conceptual site model was constructed based on effective, reasonable exposure pathways to avoid any overestimation of the risk. Also, conservative default values were adapted to prevent underestimation of the risk when site-specific values were not available. The risks of the six contaminants were calculated by API's Decision Support System for Exposure and Risk Assessment with several assumptions. In the crater-formed-area(Ac), the non-carcinogenic risks(i.e., HI values) of TNT(Tri-Nitro-Toluene) and Cd were slightly larger than 1, and for RDX(Royal Demolition Explosives), over 50. The total non-carcinogenic risk of the whole gunnery range calculated to a significantly high value of 62.5. Carcinogenicity of Cd was estimated to be about $10^{-3}$, while that of Pb was about $5\;{\times}\;10^{-4}$, which greatly exceeded the generally acceptable carcinogenic risk level of $10^{-4}{\sim}10^{-6}$. The risk assessment results suggest that an immediate remediation practice for both carcinogens and non-carcinogens are required before the reservoir construction. However, for more accurate risk assessment, more specific estimations on condition shifts due to the construction of the reservoir are required, and more over, the effects of the pollutants to the ecosystem is also necessary to be evaluated.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.51 no.1
• /
• pp.7-13
• /
• 2015

Hydrotrope-combined copper (HCC) is a copper ($Cu^{2+}$)-based algicide, which is combined with a hydrotrope that keeps copper ion in solution to improve performance. This study assessed the growth inhibition effect of HCC against Microcystis aeruginosa which is one of the most common toxic cyanobacterium in eutrophic freshwater environment. Various HCC doses, ranging from 5.5 to $550{\mu}g/L$ as $Cu^{2+}$, were applied to either BG-11 or 1/4 diluted medium with low- or high-inoculum density of M. aeruginosa. Growth inhibition was monitored based on a decrease in chlorophyll-a content in culture medium during the incubation. Results showed that HCC significantly inhibited the growth of M. aeruginosa in a dose-dependent manner. In case of 1/4 diluted BG-11 medium, HCC dose as low as $5.5{\mu}g$ $Cu^{2+}/L$ completely inhibited the production of chlorophyll-a by M. aeruginosa. It was found that HCC did not induce any significant release of microcystin-LR from M. aeruginosa. Acute toxicity of HCC was tested using Daphnia magna, and the 24-h $EC_{50}$ value was 0.30 mg/L as $Cu^{2+}$ which was much higher than the actual inhibition dose. Ames test was performed using Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium TA100, and HCC showed no increase in the number of revertant colonies. The result suggested that HCC does not have any mutagenic potential in the aquatic environment. In addition, no genotoxic effect of HCC was also confirmed based on the SOS ChromoTest using Escherichia coli PQ37. Therefore, HCC could be used as a relatively safe and effective pre- and post-treatment agent to control hazardous algal blooming in aquatic environments.