Browse > Article

Prediction of Potential Risk Posed by a Military Gunnery Range after Flood Control Reservoir Construction  

Ryu, Hye-Rim (Department of Civil, Urban and Geosystem Engineering, Seoul National University)
Han, Joon-Kyoung (Department of Civil, Urban and Geosystem Engineering, Seoul National University)
Nam, Kyoung-Phile (Department of Civil, Urban and Geosystem Engineering, Seoul National University)
Bae, Bum-Han (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kyungwon University)
Publication Information
Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment / v.12, no.1, 2007 , pp. 87-96 More about this Journal
Abstract
Risk assessment was carried out in order to improve the remediation and management strategy on a contaminated gunnery site, where a flood control reservoir is under construction nearby. Six chemicals, including explosive chemicals and heavy metals, which were suspected to possess risk to humans by leaching events from the site were the target pollutants for the assessment. A site-specific conceptual site model was constructed based on effective, reasonable exposure pathways to avoid any overestimation of the risk. Also, conservative default values were adapted to prevent underestimation of the risk when site-specific values were not available. The risks of the six contaminants were calculated by API's Decision Support System for Exposure and Risk Assessment with several assumptions. In the crater-formed-area(Ac), the non-carcinogenic risks(i.e., HI values) of TNT(Tri-Nitro-Toluene) and Cd were slightly larger than 1, and for RDX(Royal Demolition Explosives), over 50. The total non-carcinogenic risk of the whole gunnery range calculated to a significantly high value of 62.5. Carcinogenicity of Cd was estimated to be about $10^{-3}$, while that of Pb was about $5\;{\times}\;10^{-4}$, which greatly exceeded the generally acceptable carcinogenic risk level of $10^{-4}{\sim}10^{-6}$. The risk assessment results suggest that an immediate remediation practice for both carcinogens and non-carcinogens are required before the reservoir construction. However, for more accurate risk assessment, more specific estimations on condition shifts due to the construction of the reservoir are required, and more over, the effects of the pollutants to the ecosystem is also necessary to be evaluated.
Keywords
Explosives; Heavy metals; Military gunnery range; Risk assessment;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 1997, Toxicological Profile for HMX, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA
2 MacDonald, J.A., 2000, Evaluating Natural Attenuation for Groundwater Cleanup, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 346A-353A   DOI
3 Thun, M.J., Schnorr, T.M., Smith, A.B., and Halperin, W.E., 1985, Mortality among a cohort of U.S. cadmium production workers: An update, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 74(2), 325-333
4 US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM), 2001, Wildlife Toxicity Assessment for HMX, Project Number 39-EJ-1138-01E, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
5 US EPA, 1996, CalTOX: A multimedia total exposure model for hazardous waste site-Technical Report
6 US EPA, 1998, Health advisory for octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro, 1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), PB90-273525, Prepared by the Office of Drinking Water, Washington, DC, for the U.S. Army Medical research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD
7 US EPA, 2005, EPI Suite v3.12, Office of Pollution Prevention Toxics and Syracuse Research Corporation (SRC)
8 McGraph, D., Zhang, C.S., and Carton, O., 2004, Geostatistical analyses and hazard assessment on soil lead in Silvermines, area Ireland, Environ. Pollut., 127, 239-248   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Azar, A., Trochimowicz, H.J., and Maxfield, M.E., 1973, Review of lead studies in animals carried out at Haskell Laboratory- Two year feeding study and response to hemorrhage study. In: Barth D., Berlin, A., Engel, R., Recht, P. and Smeets, J. Ed. Environmental Health Aspects of Lead, Proceedings International Symposium, October 1972, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Commission of the European Communities, Luxemberg, 199-208
10 Kasprzak, K.S., Hoover, K.L., and Poirier, L.A., 1985, Effects of dietary calcium acetate on lead subacetate carcinogenicity in kidneys of male Sprague-Dawley rats, Carcinogenesis, 6(2), 279-282   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Johnson M.S. and McAtee M.J., 2000, Wildlife Toxicity Assessment for 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene, U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM) Project Number 39-EJ-1138-00, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
12 US EPA, Updated Monthly, Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, OH, USA
13 Takenaka, S., Oldiges, H., Konig, H., Hochrainer, D., and Oberdoerster, G., 1983, Carcinogenicity of cadmium aerosols in Wistar rats, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 70, 367-373
14 Van Esch, G.J. and Kroes, R., 1969, The induction of renal tumors by feeding of basic lead acetate to mice and hamsters, Br. J. Cancer, 23, 265-271
15 Khan, F.I. and Husain, T., 2001, Risk-based monitored natural attenuation-a case study, J. Hazard. Mater., B85, 243-272
16 연세대학교 환경공해연구소, 1995, 환경위해성평가 및 관리기술 : 수질오염물질의 위해성평가 및 관리 기술, 환경부, 서울
17 American Petroleum Institute, 1999, API's Decision Support System for Exposure and Risk Assessment (DSS) Version 2.0
18 Cooper, W.C. and Gaffey, W.R., 1975, Mortality of lead workers, Proceedings of the 1974 Conference on Standards of Occupational Lead Exposure, J.F. Cole, Ed., February, 1974, Washington, DC. J. Occup. Med. 17, 100-107   DOI
19 Alexander, M., 1995, How toxic are toxic chemicals in soil?, Environ. Sci. Technol., 29(11), 2713-2717   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Koller, L.D., Kerkvliet, N.I., and Exon, J.H., 1986, Neoplasia induced in male rats fed lead acetate, ethyl urea and sodium nitrate, Toxicol. Pathol., 13, 50-57   DOI   ScienceOn
21 건설교통부, 한국수자원공사, 2005, 군남홍수조절지 건설사업 환 경영향평가서(초안), 건설교통부, 서울
22 Salice, C.J. and Holdsworth, G., 2001, Wildlife Toxicity Assessment for 1,3,5-Trinitrohexahydro-1,3,5-Triazine (RDX), U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM), Project Number 39-EJ1138-01B, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
23 연세대학교 환경공해연구소, 2001, 환경위해성평가 및 관리기술 : 환경오염물질의 위해성 통합 평가 및 시스템 개발, 환경부, 서울
24 Best, E., Sprecher, S., Larson, S., Fredrickson, H., and Bader, D., 1999, Environmental behavior of explosives in groundwater from the Milan Army Ammunition Plant in aquatic and wetland plant treatments. Removal, mass balances, and fate in groundwater of TNT and RDX, Chemosphere, 38, 3383-3396   DOI   ScienceOn