• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.131-144
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• 2011

Objectives : The objective of this study lies in theoretical establishment of formulas for invigorating five viscera for curing the asthenic syndrome of five viscera through analyzing the component medicines and combination principles of Hyeongok's formulas for invigorating five viscera, and furthermore, maximizing the clinical use of them. Methods : This study analyzed the component medicines and combination principles of Hyeongok's formulas for invigorating five viscera based on the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines from the "Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine", the theory for principal herbal medicine, assistant herbal medicine, adjuvant herbal medicine, dispatcher herbal medicine, and the five elements doctrine. Hyeongok's formulas for invigorating five viscera are Bogantang, Boseemtang, Bobeetang, Bopyeotang, and Boshintang. Results : There are three methods for curing the asthenic syndrome of five viscera according to the five elements doctrine: in case of Bogantang invigorating the liver, invigorating the kidney and purging the lung; Boseemtang, invigorating the heart, invigorating the liver and purging the kidney; Bobeetang, invigorating the spleen, invigorating the heart and purging the liver; Bopyeotang, invigorating the lung, invigorating the spleen and purging the heart; Boshintang, invigorating the kidney, invigorating the lung and purging the spleen. Conclusions : First, to cure the asthenic syndrome of five viscera, the methods of invigorating five viscera, and purging five viscera should be used according to the five elements doctrine. Secondly, herbal medicines appropriate for those treatment methods should be chosen according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicine and thirdly, the combination of those herbal medicines should be carried out according to the theory for principal herbal medicine, assistant herbal medicine, adjuvant herbal medicine, dispatcher herbal medicine. As a good example, Hyeongok's formulas for invigorating five viscera are combined according to the above theories. In conclusion, this formula was created by applying to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.1341-1345
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• 2007

There are four kinds of formulas for purging the liver to cure its sthenic syndrome based on the types of preparation formulas : Sagan-tang, Saganhwan, Saseem-san and Saganeum. Another formula called Sacheonghwan, Sacheong-tang and Sacheong-san is to purge the green colour of liver. There are 38 kinds of Sagan-tang, 2 kinds of Saganhwan, 29 kinds of Sagan-san, 5 kinds of Saganeum, 4 kinds of Sacheonghwan, 3 kinds of Sacheong-tang and 1 kind of Sacheong-san. Combination of herbal medicines, carried out in formulas for purging the liver, consists of various kinds depending on medical scientists' personal experience in medical treatment without any general principles, which makes it difficult to apply it to clinical use. The objectives of this study lie in theoretical establishment of Sagan-tang for curing the sthenic syndrome of liver through analyzing the component medicines and combination principles of Hyeongok's Sagan-tang, and furthermore, maximizing the clinical use of Sagan-tang. This study analyzed the component medicines and combination principles of Hyeongok's Sagan-tang based on the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines from the ${\ulcorner}$Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine${\lrcorner}$, the theory for principal herbal medicine, assistant herbal medicine, adjuvant herbal medicine, dispatcher herbal medicine, and the five elements doctrine. Hyeongok's Sagan-tang is an odd prescription, composed of 7 kinds of ingredients : No.1 Radix Paeoniae (2don;7.5 g), No.2 Fructus Chaenomelis (1don;3.75 g), No.3 Radix Rehmanniae (1don), No.4 Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (1don), No.5 Radix Bupleuri (1don), No.6 Radix Scutellariae (1don), and No.7 Radix Glycyrrhizae (1don). There are three methods for curing the sthenic syndrome of liver according to the five elements doctrine : purging the liver, purging the heart and invigorating the lung. In the case of taste purgation, two herbal medicines with sour taste, Radix Paeoniae and Fructus Chaenomelis, are combined into the principal and assistant herbal medicine, respectively. For property purgation, two herbal medicines with the cool property, Radix Bupleuri and Radix Scutellariae, are combined into adjuvant herbal medicines. Both sweet and cold herbal medicines, Radix Rehmanniae and Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis, are combined into adjuvant herbal medicines. Sour herbal medicines, Radix Paeoniae and Fructus Chaenomelis, were combined to invigorate the lung. Cool herbal medicines, Radix Bupleuri and Radix Scutellariae, were combined to invigorate the lung and to purge the liver. In addition, Radix Glycyrrhizae are combined as dispatcher herbal medicine, harmonizing all the herbal medicines composing the formula. First, to cure the sthenic syndrome of the liver, the methods of purging the liver and the heart, and invigorating the lung should be used according to the five elements doctrine. Secondly, herbal medicines appropriate for those treatment methods should be chosen according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicine and thirdly, the combination of those herbal medicines should be carried out according to the theory for principal herbal medicine, assistant herbal medicine, adjuvant herbal medicine, dispatcher herbal medicine. As a good example, Hyeongok's Sagan-tang is combined according to the above theories.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.125-131
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• 2009

Korea is representative of a country that consumes herbal medicines; most of the herbal medicines circulating in South Korea have been imported from developing countries in Southeast Asia, such as China and Indonesia. Recently, domestic hygiene and safety are issues that have come to the forefront, because herbal medicines currently in circulation could possibly contain contaminants or residues. Furthermore, the appearance or discovery of harmful new species due to environmental and industrial developments is becoming a social problem. Therefore, it may be necessary to consider and investigate these matters on a continual basis. Recently, mycotoxin contaminations in such foods as cereals, nuts, and powdered red pepper have been reported. They have become a problematic issue; the possibility of contamination in herbal medicines has also been considered. Nevertheless, recognition of and research into mycotoxin contamination in herbal medicines has been scarce because herbal medicine is used in only a few nations. In this research, we identified contamination by aflatoxin which is known to be the most potent mutagenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic mycotoxin in Thujae Semen, a herbal medicine. We also found co-contaminations involving other mycotoxins, including ochratoxin A and zeraleanone.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.345-351
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• 2012

In this study, 49 Korean herbal medicines have been investigated with an in vitro evaluation system using glycation end products (AGEs) formation inhibitory activity. Of these, 18 herbal medicines ($IC_{50}$ < $50{\mu}g/ml$) were found to have significant AGEs formation inhibitory activity. Of these, five herbal medicines ($IC_{50}$ < $50{\mu}g/ml$) were found to have significant AGEs formation inhibitory activity. Particularly, Mallotus japonicus (twigs and leaves), Rhus javanica (twigs and leaves), Boehmeria nivea (whole plants), Quercus acuta (stems), and Eurya japonica (stems) showed more potent inhibitory activity (approximately 9-37 fold) than the positive control aminoguanidine ($IC_{50}=76.47{\mu}g/ml$).

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.43-51
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• 2019

Objectives : This study aimed to analyze price variance by year, region and company of raw herbal medicines to draw payment system for herbal medicine insurances in the National Health Insurance. Methods : To analyse price variance, we used 2015-2017 data of 'Quality test results of imported herbal medicines' provided by Korea Pharmaceutical Traders Association and 'Price data of 56 raw herbal medicines' that was surveyed by the Association of Korean Medicine. We analysed gap of highest price and lowest price those were compared with average price and coefficient of variation(CV) of prices by year, region and company of raw herbal medicines. Results : In analysing 3 years data, the highest price was 23.2% higher, and the lowest price was 19.1% lower than the average price. As of 2018, the average price of domestic produced herbal medicines was 1,8 times higher than that of imported herbal medicines. By companies, the highest price was 117.5% higher, and the lowest price was 57.3% lower than the average price. Conclusions : The price of herbal medicines varied by production year, region and company. This results suggest that comprehensive payment model needs to be considered in modeling the health insurance coverage for herbal medicine decoctions.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.68-84
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• 2015

Object : The object of this study was effected of composed of 4 herbal medicines(Rubus coreanus, Rehmanniae Radix, Houttuynia cordata, Betulae cortex) on acute atopic dermatitis mice. Methods : BALB/c mice were divided 4 groups ; normal group, negative control group of acute atopic dermatitis mice induced by DNCB, treated apply to the back skin with the herbal medicine group, and treated orally with herbal medicine group. Treated with herbal medicine and DNCB during 2 weeks. After treated, measured WBCs, RBCs, and platelet in the blood, and analysed mRNA expression of spleen. Result : Composed herbal medicines could reduce WBCs, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils in the mouse blood. And, could down TNF-${\alpha}$ levels in spleen. In the skin tissue histology results, herbal medicines reduce the cells and T cells. Conclusion : Composed herbal medicines help to another inflammatory disease because they reduce the cells and T cells in the skin tissues. And they have inhibitory effects of TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA expression, and Th 2 immune responses. Therefore herbal medicines use for an acute atopic dermatitis treatment.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.415-420
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to develop the best methods to sterilize herbal medicines which is frequently used and known to have high susceptibility to microbial contamination. We used dry heat, gamma irradiation and alcohol gas treatment for sterilization, and evaluated these methods in terms of the followings; i) the efficacy of sterilization, and ii) the chemical alteration of index constituents of herbal medicines. Treatment with dry heat effectively eliminated the contaminated microorganisms, and did not significantly alter the content of berberine chloride, paeoniflorin and amygdalin in Phellodendron Bark, Peony Root and Apricot Kernel, respectively: However it seriously changed the color and morphology which are essential criteria to estimate a measure of quality of herbal medicines. Treatment with gamma irradiation showed a strong sterilizing effect, and no alteration of the content of index constituents, color and morphology: Alcohol gas treatment resulted in similar effects as those in gamma irradiation. Collectively; these results suggest that treatment with gamma irradiation or alcohol gas may be useful methods for sterilizing herbal medicines without a decrease in their microbial quality.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.1-14
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• 2021

Objectives : From January 2020, when the first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Korea, the use of health information using the Internet is expected to increase. It is expected that there will be a significant change in the general public's interest in Korean herbal medicines for health care. Therefore, in this study, we tried to confirm the change in the search trend of Korean herbal medicines after the COVID-19 epidemic. Methods : Using the "Naver DataLab (http://datalab.naver.com)" service of a Korean portal site Naver, search volume was investigated with 606 Korean herbal medicines as keywords. The search period was from January 2020, right after the onset of COVID-19, to June 2021. The search results were sorted by the peak search volume and the total search volume. Results : 'Cheonsangap (천산갑, 穿山甲, Manitis Squama)' was the most searched Korean herbal medicine in the peak search volume and total search volume with least bias. Conclusions : The problem of supply and demand of Korean herbal medicines of high public interest was identified. Broadcasting and media exposure were the factors that had a big impact on the search volume for Korean herbal medicines. As it was confirmed that the search volume for Korean herbal medicines increased rapidly due to media exposure, it is necessary to provide correct information about Korean herbal medicines, improve public awareness, and manage stable supply and demand based on continuous search trend monitoring.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.168-175
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• 2013

Aldose reductase (AR) plays a central role in the development of the diabetic complications. Eighty one Korean herbal medicines have been investigated for inhibitory activities on AR. Among them, fourteen herbal medicines exhibited a significant inhibitory activity compared with 3,3-tetramethyleneglutaric acid (TMG) as positive control. Particularly, Xanthium strumarium (fruit, whole plant), Ilex cornuta (stem and leaf), Vitex rotundifolia(stem), Sophora flavescens (whole plant), Platycarya stobilacea (flower) showed two times more potent inhibitory activity than 3,3-tetramethyleneglutaric acid (TMG).

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.354-358
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• 2014

Aldose reductase (AR) has been demonstrated to play important role in the development of the diabetic complications such as diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy and diabetic nephropathy. To discover novel treatments for diabetic complications from natural sources, 69 Korean herbal medicines have been investigated for inhibitory activities on AR. Among them, 7 herbal medicines, Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus (stems), Artemisia japonica (whole plants), Wisteria floribunda (leaves), Eurya japonica (stems, twigs and leaves, leaves), Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (stems) exhibited a significant inhibitory activity compared with 3,3-tetramethyleneglutaric acid as positive control.