• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.193-199
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• 2010

We report here the production of transgenic chickens that can regulate human erythropoietin (hEPO) gene expression. The glycoprotein hormone hEPO is an essential for viability and growth of the erythrocytic progenitors. Retrovirus vector system used in this study has two features including tetracycline-controllable promoter and woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulator element (WPRE). The former is for to reduce the possibility of physiological disturbance due to constitutional and unregulated expression of hEPO gene in the transgenic chicken. The latter is for maximum expression of the foreign gene when we turn-on the gene expression. A replication-defective Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV)-based vectors packaged with vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein (VSV-G) was injected beneath the blastoderm of non-incubated chicken embryos (stage X). Out of 325 injected eggs, 28 chicks hatched after 21 days of incubation and 16 hatched chicks were found to express the hEPO gene delivered by the vector. The biological activity of the recombinant hEPO in transgenic chicken serum was comparable to its commercially available counterpart. The recombinant hEPO in transgenic chicken serum had N- and O-linked carbohydrate simillar to that produced from in vitro cultured cells transformed with hEPO gene.

• 한국동물번식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물번식학회 2003년도 학술발표대회 발표논문초록집
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• pp.17-17
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• 2003

The milk of transgenic animals may provide an attractive vehicle for large-scale production of hEPO. Since glycosylation is cell type specific, recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) produced in different host cells contain different patterns of oligosaccharides, which could affect the biological functions. However, there have been no reports on the characteristics of rhEPO derived from milk of transgenic animals. To address this objective, several transgenic mice by using pWAPhEPO and/or pBC1hEPO expression vector were produced. However, 2 lines of pWAPhEPO founder female mouse died during late gestational day (day 18) before offspring could be obtained. They showed a severe splenomegaly, Unlike those of pWAPhEPO, mammary gland epithelial cells from biopsies of lactating pBC1hEPO transgenic mice had marked immunoreactivity to EPO and any activity was not detected in other tissues. The expression level of rhEPO is about 0.7% of mammary gland cellular total soluble proteins and an amount of 300~500 mg/L rhEPO is secreted into milk. Furthermore, the pBC1hEPO transgenic mice transmitted this character to their progeny in mendelian manner. In order to determine the extent of glycosylation variation, N-linked oligosaccharide structures present in the milk-derived rhEPO were characterized. Most of milk-derived rhEPO is fully glycosylated. the biological activity of milk-derived rhEPO was comparable to that of purified CHO-derived rhEPO, and milk-derived rhEPO showed relatively stable after freezing and thawing. Taken together, the results illustrate the potential of transgenic animals in the large-scale production of biopharmaceuticals.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.77-83
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• 2009

Erythropoietin (EPO), a glycoprotein hormone produced from primarily cells of the peritubular capillary endothelium of the kidney, is responsible for the regulation of red blood cell production. We have been investigating the roles of glycosylation site added in the biosynthesis and function of recombinant protein. We constructed three EPO mutants ($\Delta$69, $\Delta$105 and $\Delta$69,105), containing an additional oligosaccharide chains. EPOWT and EPO$\Delta$69 were effectively expressed in transient and stably transfected CHO-K1 cell lines. But, it wasn't detected any protein in the culture medium of EPO$\Delta$105 and EPO$\Delta$69,105 mutants. The growth and differentiation of EPO-dependent human leukemic cell line (F36E) were used to measure the cytokine dependency and in vitro bioactivity of rec-hEPO. MTT assay values were increased by survival of F36E cells at 24h. To analysis biological activity in vivo, two groups of ICR-mice (7 weeks old) were injected subcutaneously with 10 IU per mice of rec-hEPO molecules on days 0 and 2. Red blood cell and hematocrit values were measured on 6 days after the first injection. The hematocrit values were remarkably increased in all treatment groups. The pharmacokinetic analysis was also affected in the mice injected with rec-hEPO molecules 2.5 IU by tail intravenous. Protein samples were detected by Western blotting. An EPO$\Delta$69 protein migrated as a broad band with an average apparent molecular and detected slightly high band. Enzymatic N-deglycosylation resulted in narrow band and was the same molecular size. The biological activity of EPO$\Delta$69 was enhanced to compare with wt-hEPO. The half-life was longer than wt-hEPO. The results suggest that hyperglycosyalted recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO$\Delta$69) may have important biological and therapeutic good points.

• 한국동물번식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물번식학회 2002년도 춘계학술발표대회 발표논문초록집
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• pp.60-60
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• 2002

본 연구는 사람의 조혈촉진유전자가 형질전환된 돼지의 유즙내 hEPO 발현농도를 확인하고 3종의 동물 (mouse, rat, swine)에서 hEPO 의 생리활성을 분석하기 위하여 실시하였다. 새롬이 Fl 암컷의 유즙을 원심분리하여 지방을 제거한 후 hEPO 의 농도를 측정하고, PBS 로 유즙내 hEPO 농도가 100 IU/㎖가 되도록 희석하였다. Mouse (ICR)는 피하주사로 20 IU씩 2일 간격으로 3회 (0, 2, 4 일차 ) 주사하였으며, 주사 후 4회에 걸쳐 (0, 2, 4, 7 일차) 혈액을 채취하여. 분석하였다. (중략)

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.69-73
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• 2005

The hematopoietic growth factor erythropoietin (EPO) is required for the maintenance, proliferation, and differentiation of the stem cells that produce erythrocytes. To analyse the biological activity of the recombinant human EPO (rec-hEPO), we have cloned the EPO cDNA and genomic DNA and produced rec-hEPO in the CHO cell lines. The growth and differentiation of EPO-dependent human leukemic cell line (F36E) were used to measure cytokine dependency and in vitro bioactivity of rec-hEPO. MIT assay values were increased by survival of F36E cells at 24h or 72h. The hematocrit and RBC values were increased by subcutaneous injection of 20 IU (in mice) and 100IU(in rats) rec-hEPO. Hematocrit values remarkably increased at $13.2\%$ (in mice) and $12.2\%$ (in rats). The pharmacokinetic behavior with injection of 6 IU of rec-hEPO remained detectable after 24 h in all mice tested. The highest peat appeared at 2h after injection. The long half-life of rec-hEPO is likely to confer clinical advantages by allowing less frequent dosing in patients treated for anemia. These data demonstratethat ree-hEPO produced in this study has a potent activity in vivo and in vitro. The results also suggest that biological activity of ree-hEPO could be remarkably enhanced by genetic engineering that affects the potential activity, including mutants with added oligosaccharide chain and designed to produce EPO-EPO fusion protein.

• 한국동물번식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물번식학회 2002년도 춘계학술발표대회 발표논문초록집
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• pp.21-21
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• 2002

사람의 erythropoietin (hEPO) 는 산성 당단백질 호르몬이며 적혈구 생산의 주요조절인자로서 적혈구의 분화와 hemoglobin (Hb) 형성을 촉진하여 빈혈치료제로 이용된다. 사람 EPO 는 166개 아미노산으로 구성되어 있으며, 24, 38, 83 번 아미노산은 N-glycosylation에 의해, 126 번 아미노산은 O-glycosylation에 의해 변형되며, 특히 N-glycosylation은 hEPO 의 세포외 분비 및 활성에 관여한다고 보고된 바 있다. (중략)

• Neonatal Medicine
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.221-233
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• 2009

목 적 : 신장에서 분비되어 적혈구를 생산하는 빈혈제로 알려진 에리스로포이에틴(Erythropoietin, EPO)은 단순히 피를 만드는 조혈기능 뿐 아니라 최근 신경계 보호 및 신경강화 효과가 있다고 발표되고 있지만 주산기 가사로 인한 저산소성 허혈성 뇌병증의 치료제로서 그 기전이 명확하게 밝혀지지 않았다. 저자들은 유전자 재조합 인 에리스로포이에틴(recombinant Human EPO, rHuEPO)을 이용하여 주산기 저산소성 허혈성 뇌병증의 치료제로서 N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) 수용체와 관련된 흥분성 독성작용을 통한 조절 등 그 기전을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 재태기간 19일된 태아 백서의 대뇌피질 세포를 배양하여 정상산소군은 5% $CO_2$ 배양기(95% air, 5% $CO_2$)에 두었고, 저산소군과 농도별 뇌손상 전 rHuEPO 투여군(1, 10, 100 IU/mL)은 1% $O_2$ 배양기(94% $N_2$, 5% $CO_2$)에서 6시간 동안 뇌세포손상을 유도하였다. 세포성장과 생존력을 평가하기 위해 MTT 실험을 시행하였다. 동물 모델에서는 생후 7일된 신생백서의 좌측 총 경동맥을 결찰한 후 6개 군; 정상산소군, sham-operated군, 저산소-허헐성군, 저산소-허헐성+vehicle군, 저산소-허헐성 손상 전 rHuEPO 투여군, 저산소-허헐성 손상 후 rHuEPO 투여군으로 나누었고, 저산소-허헐성 손상은 특별히 제작한 통속에서 2시간 동안 8% $O_2$ (8% $O_2$, 92% $N_2$)에 노출시켰다. rHuEPO은 뇌손상 전후 30분에 체중 kg당 1000 IU를 투여하였고, 저산소-허헐성 손상 후 7일째 조직을 실험하였다. 적출한 조직으로 H&E 염색을 하여 뇌손상을 형태학적으로 관찰하였다. 세포배양 및 동물실험에서 NMDA 수용체의 아단위인 NR1, NR2A, NR2B, NR2C, NR2D를 이용하여 실시간 중합효소연쇄반응을 실시하였다. 결 과 : 저산소군에서 세포 생존률은 정상산소군보다 60% 감소하였으며, rHuEPO 투여군(1, 10 IU/mL)은 80% 증가하였다. rHuEPO 투여군(100 IU/mL)은 회복되지 않았다. 우측 반구 대비 좌측 반구의 범위는 정상산소군 98.9%, sham-operated군 99.1%, 저산소-허헐성군 57.1%, 저산소-허헐성+vehicle군 57.0%, 저산소-허헐성 손상 전 rHuEPO 투여군 87.6%, 저산소-허헐성 손상 후 rHuEPO 투여군 91.6%으로 나타났다. NMDA 수용체의 아단위 생체외 실험에서 실시간 중합효소연쇄반응의 결과 NMDA 수용체 아단위 mRNA의 발현은 rHuEPO 투여군에서 저산소군보다 모두 증가하였다. 결 론 : 본 연구에서 rHuEPO은 흥분성 독성작용과 관련되어 NMDA 수용체를 조절하면서 저산소성 허헐성 뇌손상을 보호하는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.317-324
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• 2003

The present study were performed to analysis the hematocrit and the red blood cells content into the blood plasma of the transgenic pigs harboring recombinent human erythropoietin gene (rhEPO). Mouse whey acidic protein (mWAP) linked to rhEPO gene was microinjected into pronuclei of porcine one-cell zygotes. After delivered of offspring, PCR analyses identified one mWAP-rhEPO transgenic founder offspring(F$_{0}$). The first generation of transgenic pig (F$_{0}$) harboring mWAP-hEPO appeared to be a male, and the second generation (F$_1$) pigs were made by natural mating of F$_{0}$ with domestic swine, and male and female transgenic pigs (F$_1$) were identified by PCR. The blood samples from transgenic and normal pigs were collected for 50 days during lactation and were counted the red blood cell (RBC) numbers and Hematocrit (HCT) content into the blood. The transgenic pigs expressing rhEPO in their blood gave rise to higher RBC numbers and HCT contents than control animals. rhEPO was secreted both in the blood and milk of genetically engineered pigs harboring rhEPO gene. Therefore, this study provides a model regarding the production of transgenic pig carrying hEPO transgene for biomedical research.earch.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제34권9호
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• pp.2663-2670
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• 2013

The purpose of stability testing is to provide evidence about how the quality of a drug varies with time under the influence of a variety of environmental factors. In this study, erythropoietin (EPO) was analyzed under different pH (pH 3 and pH 9) and temperature ($25^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$) conditions according to current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) and International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. The molecular weight difference between intact EPO and deglycosylated EPO was determined by SDS-PAGE, and aggregated forms of EPO under thermal stress and high-pH conditions were investigated by size exclusion chromatography. High pH and high temperature induced increases in dimer and high molecular weight aggregate forms of EPO. UPLC-ESI-TOF-MS was applied to analyze the changed modification sites on EPO. Further, normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography was performed to identify proposed glycan structures and high pH anion exchange chromatography was carried out to investigate any change in carbohydrate composition. The results demonstrated that there were no changes in modification sites or the glycan structure under severe conditions; however, the number of dimers and aggregates increased at $40^{\circ}C$ and pH 9, respectively.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2003년도 생물공학의 동향(XII)
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• pp.582-586
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• 2003

There has been interest in developing gene therapy based on naked plasmid DNA for treating serum protein deficiencies and human erythropoietin (hEPO) is one of the candidate for gene therapy being Investigated most enthusiastically. We constructed novel plasmid DNA vectors pVAC-hEPOI/II/III which contain one, two, three hEPO gene(s) respectively for producing high level expression and secretion of hEPO in vitro and in vivo. NIH3T3 and COS7 cells were transfected transiently with these vectors and increase in hEPO expression in medium reached 2-5 fold in comparison with pSecTagB-hEPO. Intra muscular administrations of pVAC-hEPOI/II/III vectors into mice resulted in high level secretion of hEPO in the serum and corresponding increases in hematocrit level. In conclusion the transduction efficiency of naked plasmid vectors is one of the critical factors of a gene delivery system and these novel plasmid vectors will contribute to various gene therapy based on naked plasmid DNA.