• Membrane Journal
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.124-130
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• 2020

Climate change is getting worse in the 21st century. So, water shortages are expanding worldwide. Carbon dioxide generated from the use of fossil fuels is 80% of the total green house gas. Because it occupies, it has become a factor of global warming. Therefore, the importance of water treatment membrane, gas separation membrane, and secondary battery separation membrane is increasing, but it occupies technology in developed countries such as the United States, Japan, and Germany. Therefore, the advancement of membrane technology is urgently required. So, although the country supports a lot of research budgets, We will analyze the results using NTIS data. As a result of the analysis used, it is supported mainly for short-term tasks, and the research budget is small compared to other technical fields, so the basic material field technology is weak. Therefore, when we invest a lot of long-term tasks, with a lot of budget, and universities, membrane technology has been improved and competitiveness has been strengthened.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.78-90
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to explore the direction of developing policies for parks and green spaces for inclusive urban planning and regeneration. By reviewing the status, budget, and laws pertaining to urban parks in Korea, as well as assessing the inclusivity of urban parks, this study revealed the problems and limitations in Korea as follows. First, the urban park system, which takes into account indicators such as park area per capita and green space ratio, is focused only on quantitative expansion. Second, the distribution of urban parks is unequal; hence, the higher the number of vulnerable residents, the lower the quality of urban parks and green spaces. Moreover, this study focused on the UK central government, along with the five local governments, including London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Belfast, and Liverpool. Through an analysis of the contexts and contents establishing UK park and green space policies that can reduce socioeconomic inequalities while at the same time increase inclusiveness. This study discovered the following. The government's awareness of the necessity of tackling socioeconomic inequalities to make an inclusive society, the change in the urban regeneration policies from physical redevelopment to neighborhood renewal, and the survey and research on the correlation of parks and green spaces, inequality, health, and well-being provided the background for policy establishment. As a result, the creation of an inclusive society has been reflected in the stated goals of the UK's national plan and the strategies for park and green space supply and qualitative improvement. Deprived areas and vulnerable groups have been included in many local governments' park and green space policies. Also, tools for analyzing deficiencies in parks and methods for examining the qualitative evaluation of parks were developed. Besides, for the sustainability of each project, various funding programs have been set up, such as raising funds and fund-matching schemes. Different ways of supporting partnerships have been arranged, such as the establishment of collaborative bodies for government organizations, allowing for the participation of private organizations. The study results suggested five policy schemes, including conducting research on inequality and inclusiveness for parks and green spaces, developing strategies for improving the quality of park services, identifying tools for analyzing policy areas, developing park project models for urban regeneration, and building partnerships and establishing support systems.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.80-89
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• 2008

Generally, trees lining the streets are the most easily accessible green areas in the city and constitute the smallest basic unit in the formation of the urban linear green axis. This study attempts to interpret issues related to city trees from a comprehensive and relational viewpoint. The site of this study is Central Park Street in front of Incheon Metropolitan City Hall. This street is representative of those in Incheon City. This study is an inter-relational interpretation of issues by measuring the vitality of these trees. The following are results of this study: First, the vitality of city trees is higher in those trees growing in natural ground than those growing in plant gratings. This observation can lead to budget savings and increased natural areas in the city. Also, if planter and multi-layering planting methods are introduced where damage to trees is predicted, variation to urban landscape can be achieved while linking to reinforced rearing foundation of street-side trees. Second, there is need for a holistic approach to caring for street-side trees regarding the damage caused by drastic pruning and strong street lights. The typical functions of these trees, like supplying freshness in summer, absorbing solar radiation, and controlling the urban micro-climate are closely related to the vitality of the trees. Accordingly, the function and ecology should be understood holistically, not separately. In this aspect, the functional and ecological use of the multi-layering planting method is effective in protecting pedestrians from vehicles as well. Third, the fallen leaves of monotonous rows of trees have different ecological and functional effects. Not only is the index of greenness in the urban setting increased, but there are also aesthetic and symbolic effects. Fourth, in spite of being the street along which Incheon Metropolitan City Hall, major administrative buildings and Central Park are located, this street does not have its own special identity to discriminate it from other streets. It fulfills only functional criteria based on uniformity. If there is no paradigm shift from today's street system based on vehicles, the role of landscape architecture will be very passive in regards to street-side trees, the minimum unit of urban green. Fifth, on this particular street, many trees were planted in December, which reflects a deficiency of short and long-term strategy, like a street-tree master plan. In this aspect, we still lack a mature culture concerning these trees as a basic unit in urban greenery. Furthermore, there needs to be cultural introspection concerning present administrative practices.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.131-142
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• 2016

Urban agriculture, which can be defined as agriculture performed in a city, is suggested as an alternative solution to restore deserted community and expand green land in city area through cultivation activities. In Korea, 'Urban Agriculture Promotion and Support Act' was enforced from May 2012. In addition, in the same year, Seoul Metropolitan Government declared 'the beginning of urban agriculture era,' established municipal ordinance, and increased budget to actively support urban agriculture. As a result, urban agriculture practices have been increasing every year. Yet, the way of developing urban agriculture in a uniform way of expanding green land has led to difficulties of securing proper spaces. Accordingly, 'roof top' spaces have gained attention. This study analyzes rooftop garden, one of the spaces of carrying out urban agriculture, from the publicness perspective. The study selected a case study of a public rooftop garden in Mullae-dong, Yeongdeungpo-gu, investigated present conditions and usage features of the garden, and explored the conditions to be a 'public' roof top garden. Through theoretical analysis, both physical and non-physical indicators were derived for analysis framework; physical aspects- accessibility, locality, openness, comfortness, and non-physical aspects- subjectivity, cooperativeness, and a sense of community. The results of this study are as follows. First, openness and locality scores were the highest, and comfortness scored the lowest, in ensuring the publicness of Mullae roof top garden. Second, non-physical indicators had stronger effect than physical indicators on rooftop garden users' awareness on publicness and building a garden community. In conclusion, in order to vitalize roof top garden, users should be engaged from the very first planning stage of building a garden, opening hours should not be limited, and more importance should be put on users to subjectively manage the operation of rooftop garden than merely creating a physical environment.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.37-46
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• 2014

University buildings are energy-guzzling facility that consume more than 10,000TOE within a campus annually. Even the consumption is on an upswing trend. Behind such high consumption are there cheap power rates for education facility, lack of high-efficiency equipment and ever-increasing use of various information equipment. Being keenly aware that greenhouse gas emission increases due to such rise of energy consumption, the present study carried out a case study. In the case study, the study chose the buildings of E university from top 10 universities that consume energy most in Seoul and examined the current status of their energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission. And then it set the reduction target of greenhouse gas by year. Putting aside a middle and long-termed strategy for later endeavor, it first established the 1st year's implementation plan (2014) for energy saving and greenhouse gas reduction with limited budget and according to greenhouse gas reduction target. The plan is specified as follows. Targets for energy saving are mainly divided into two sectors: machine equipment and electric equipment. 7 ideas were proposed. Three ideas to improve machine equipment are to replace with high-efficiency boilers and chillers and to adjust the position of the cooling tower. By doing so, it was estimated that energy could be saved by 176.34TOE in total and greenhouse gas could be reduced by 370.771t$CO_2$-eq. Four ideas to improve electric equipment include the replacement with LED lights, LED emergency lights and high-efficiency motors and the installation of motion sensors. It was calculated that such replacement could conserve 1,076.08TOE (electric energy) and reduce 2,181.420t$CO_2$-eq (greenhouse gas).

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.433-441
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• 2016

Many large dams have been constructed for water supply, irrigation, flood control and hydropower in Korea for the last century. Meanwhile, recent studies indicated that the artificial reservoirs impounded by these dams are major sources of carbon dioxide (CO₂) to the atmosphere and relevant to global budget of green house gases. However, limited information is available on the seasonal variations of CO₂ evasion from the reservoirs located in the temperate monsoon regions including Korea. The objectives of this study were to estimate daily Net Atmospheric Flux (NAF) of CO₂ in Daecheong Reservoir located in Geum River basin of Korea, and analyze the influencing parameters that characterize the variation of NAF. Daily pH and alkalinity (Alk) data collected in wet year (2012) and dry year (2013) were used for estimating the NAFs in the reservoir. The dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) was computed using the pH and Alk measurements supposing an equilibrium state among the carbonate species. The results showed seasonal variations of NAF; negative NAFs from May to October when the primary production of the reservoir increased with water temperature increase, while positive NAF for the rest of the period. Overall the reservoir acted as sources of CO₂ to the atmosphere. The estimated NAFs were 2,590 and 771 mg CO₂ m^-2d^-1 in 2012 and 2013, respectively, indicating that the NAFs vary a large extent for different hydrological years. Statistical analysis indicated that the NAFs are negatively correlated to pH, water temperature, and Chl-a concentration of the reservoir.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.303-328
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• 2011

Over the past 30 years, China has maintained an annual growth rate of approximately 10%. But now China is confronted by an energy shortage and environmental pollution problems. In order to solve these environmental problems, China is not only making environmental laws and regulations to strengthen supervision, but also increasing the relevant budget. Environmental Management of Supply Chain is one of the most important tasks so that Chinese companies may effectively reduce environmental pollutions. Therefore, many empirical researches on environmental management of Chinese companies are very necessary. This study tested the actual effects on SCEM(Supply Chain Environmental Management) variables of Chinese enterprises in Shanghai and Shenyang. The results show that green design, green procurement, and extended producer responsibility have positive impacts on environmental outcomes.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-29
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• 2022

Climate action is at the top of the agenda in the international community, as demonstrated at the 2021 G7 Summit and the 2021 UN Climate Summit. Major developed countries are scrambling to make a transition to a green economy and create a new growth momentum. Following the Paris Climate Agreement in 2016, they focus on "carbon neutrality" as an effective means of tackling climate change. The Republic of Korea, a high-carbon economy, submitted its second Nationally Determined Contribution and announced carbon neutrality as a top policy priority. Accordingly, the country increases government budget in research and development (R&D) and science and technology (S&T) policies. Against this backdrop, this study analyzed policies on carbon-neutral S&T and R&D in major advanced countries. The analysis was made by identifying globally pending issues in carbon-neutral policies and climate technology. In addition, focus group interviews were conducted six times with 10 experts to come up with three R&D strategies and action plans for government-funded research institutes to achieve carbon neutrality. To be specific, the following measures were suggested. First, creative and innovative R&D programs are required to solve the problem of carbon emissions. Second, it is necessary to establish carbon neutrality policies and infrastructure which are sustainable to run and manage. Third, it is crucial to promote cooperation in climate technology based on excellence. In conclusion, the strategies proposed in this study are expected to provide directions and implications for policymakers, researchers, and scholars in science and technology to develop effective strategies to achieve national carbon neutrality.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.494-506
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• 2010

On the crisis of international economy, the government is making an effort to seek economic growing motivation with the method of overcoming economic crisis and 'low carbon green growth'. Furthermore, to promote maritime vessel traffic service related inefficient energy wastage was revealed and eco-friendly alternative energy was accepted because of high price of oil in the beginning of 2008. In this situation, I'm going to discuss the possibility of eco-friendly energy system in maritime vessel traffic service with the way of cutting the budget and expansion of solar power generation system which was promoted to meet governmental 'energy saving plan for high price of oil'.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.98-127
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• 1991

This study has purposes of not only establishing urban community park systems and index for designing the parks, which were reviewed from Korean urban community parks, but also finding the relation and the enticing area according to the catchment of urban community parks. This paper suggested two hypotheses. a. The strength of the catchment force of urban community parks can be represented to the usetimes or visitors of the parks, related with the distance for reaching the parks. b. The strength of the catchment force of the parks can be found to express the idiosyncratic one according to the qualitative differences between the parks. The suggested hypotheses were testified from Korean 9 urban community parks in Seoul., Suwon, Chongju, and Chonan, conforming the multiregressions of the variables, distance and usetime in the case of the first hypothesis, scale, the ratio of green space, population, the budget for the park, facilities and the function of the city in the case of the second hypothesis. All the correlation coefficients of usetime with distance except one were over about 0.8. The second hypothesis was testified with multiregressions for the variables. Therefore, the enticing area could be divided into three zones ; a closed aone to parks, a good used aone for parks, a possible zone for using parks.