• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.927-931
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of defatted grape seed extract (DGSE) on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. DGSE at 100 ${\mu}g$/mL significantly suppressed lipid accumulation and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in hormonally stimulated adipocytes, an indicator of adipocyte differentiation. In order to understand the anti-adipogenic effects of DGSE, the changes in the expression of several adipogenic transcription factors including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) $\gamma$, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) $\alpha$ and $\beta$ were investigated using immunoblotting. DGSE suppressed the expression of PPAR$\gamma$, C/EBP$\alpha$, and C/EBP$\beta$ proteins compared with control adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner. This results indicated that DGSE may alter fat mass by directly affecting adipogensis in maturing preadipocytes and thus may have applications for the treatment of obesity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.582-589
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic anti-inflammatory and anti-dermatitis effects of grape branch extract (GBE) and Pleurotus eryngii (PEE) combinations on the active immune cells and atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in mice. The results showed that the combination of GBE ($12.5{\mu}g/mL$) and PEE ($500{\mu}g/mL$) led to much stronger inhibitory effects on the production of inflammatory mediators, such as NO and $PGE_2$ than that exhibited by GBE ($25{\mu}g/mL$) and PEE ($1000{\mu}g/mL$) alone, even at higher concentrations, in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The combination of GBE and PEE synergistically inhibited the production of TNF- and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and PMA plus A23187-activated HMC-1 cells. Furthermore, combined GBE and PEE had a stronger ameliorative effect than GBE and PEE alone by inhibiting the clinical sores, IgE, and IL-4 on atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in mice. Collectively, these results suggested that the combination of GBE and PEE produced a synergistic anti-inflammatory and anti-atopic dermatitis effect on immune cells and atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in mice.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.349-354
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• 2009

This study was conducted to develop a new method for enhancing ginsenoside $Rg_3$, which is abundant in black ginseng. The cognition-enhancing effect of black ginseng extract was investigated via the assay of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Black ginseng I was prepared through the traditional method (by steaming and drying nine times repetitions). Black ginseng II, on the other hand, was prepared by steaming the ginseng three times at $120^{\circ}C$ for 30 min after soaking it in grape juice for 24 h. The ginsenosides of white, red, and black ginseng I, and II were investigated using the HPLC method, respectively. In black ginseng II, the ginsenoside $Rg_3$ contents, which cannot be found in white ginseng, amounted to 10.91 mg/g, approximately 18 times more than that in red ginseng. In the in-vivo study, black ginseng extract (200 mg/kg, p.o.) inhibited the AChE activity after 24 h by a single administration in the brain. Thus, the new manufacturing method for black ginseng was found to more effective in the conversion of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ compared to the traditional method. Black ginseng may also have the effect of preventing the cognitive impairment induced by cholinergic dysfunction.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.636-648
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• 2010

Two types of wild grape extracts(WGE) prepared by different methods were added into butter-top bread at different concentrations(0, 5, 10, 15, 20% of water). Then, the resulting breads were analyzed for their physicochemical and sensory properties in order to identify whether or not the WGE-enriched breads were comparable to control bread in terms of qualities and preferences. Wild grape sugar mixture(WGS), which was prepared by osmotic dehydration of wild grape fruits with the same amounts of sugar, presented significantly lower moisture content and titratable acidity as well as higher pH and sugar content compared to wild grape juice(WGJ), which was produced by boiling the fruits in a vacuum jar and squeezing. The pH of the doughs and breads containing WGE tended to decrease with increasing amounts of WGE, and this phenomenon was more appreciable in those containing WGJ than WGS. This was presumably due to the higher contents of tartaric acid in WGJ. For both types of extracts, hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of the doughs decreased with the addition of WGE, nevertheless, which properties were not remained in the resulting breads. This could be partially attributed to the relatively high degree of baking loss and lower pH of the WGE-enriched breads than those of control bread. Contrary to the mechanical analyses, the sensory properties of the breads were dependent on the WGE type. That is, WGJ-enriched bread showed lower consistency and moistness than control bread, which consequently led to relatively lower overall acceptability. However, WGS addition did not adversely affect the sensory properties of the bread. In particular, addition of 5% WGS somewhat improved the physical and sensory qualities of the bread. Thus, WGE-enriched bread could be produced without loss of bread quality when prepared with 5% WGS.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.678-684
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• 2012

The melanin pigment in human skin is a major defense mechanism against ultraviolet light to the skin, but darken skin color. Tyrosinase is mainly responsible for melanin biosynthesis (melanogenesis) in animals and enzymatic browning (melanosis) in plants. The purpose of this study was to optimize the fermented milk process for the melanin formation inhibition by using Lactobacillus plantarum M23 with tyrosinase inhibitory activity. We used 4-factor-3-level central composite design combining with response surface methodology. Yeast extract concentration (%, $X_1$), addition of grape (%, $X_2$), incubation temperature ($^{\circ}C$, $X_3$) and incubation time (h, $X_4$) was used as an independent factor, on the other hand, pH (pH, $Y_1$), overall palatability (score, $Y_2$) and tyrosinase inhibitory activity (%, $Y_3$) was used as a dependant factor. Based on the optimization for the highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity with pH 4.4, the expected data of pH, palatability and tyrosinase inhibitory activity with 14.8 h incubation at $37.1^{\circ}C$ by the addition of 0.127% of yeast extract, 2.95% of grape was 4.42, 7.06 and 86.65%, but the real data was 4.35, 6.86 and 84.05%, respectively. Based on the previous results, fermented milk using Lactobacillus plantarum M23 with the tyrosinase inhibitory activity could contribute for the whitening and antiaging of human skin.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.357-362
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• 2006

We assessed various antioxidant activities, such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2'-azino-bis 3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) radical scavenging effect, along with antioxidant capacity, of soybean oil with added Citrus species peel extracts (CPEs). These extract oils showed higher radical scavenging effects than grape fruit seed extract, the natural antioxidant agent, did. When CPEs were added to soybean oil, they showed peroxide value (POV) and acid value (AV) increasing inhibition effects. Furthermore, none of the CPEs showed any cytotoxicity over the tested concentration range of 0.01-100 ppm. The major flavonoid contents of Citrus junos, as determined by HPLC, were naringin ($7.5\;{\mu}g/mg$) and neohesperidin ($7.5\;{\mu}g/mg$), and those of Citrus unshiu were narirutin ($3.13\;{\mu}g/mg$) and hesperidin ($1.97\;{\mu}g/mg$). However, the aglycone form was not found. This study showed that CPEs might be a potent source of natural antioxidant, without any toxic effects.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 2003

The present study was attempted to investigate and compare the antioxidant potency of several well-know flavonoids, antioxidant vitamin and commercially available popular beverages. The antioxidant potency was assessed by the effect on reducing oxidative DNA damage of human lymphocytes. Cellular oxidative DNA damage was measured by SCGE (single-cell gel electrophoresis), also known as comet assay. Lymphocytes were pre-treated for 30 minutes with wide ranges of doses of apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin, myricetin, rutin, quercetin, $\alpha$-tocopherol (10,25,50,100,200,500,1000 $\mu$M) ,green tea extract or grape juice (10,50,100,250,500,1000 $\mu$g/mL) followed by a $H_2O$$_2$(100 $\mu$M) treatment for 5 min as an oxidative stimulus. The physiological function of each antioxidant substance on oxidative DNA damage was analyzed as tail moment (tail length $\times$ percentage migrated DNA in tail) and expressed as relative DNA damage score after adjusting by the level of control treatment. Cells treated with $H_2O$$_2$alone (positive control) had an extensive DNA damage compared with cells treated with phosphate buffered saline (PBS, negative control) or pre-treated with all the tested samples. Of all the six flavonoids, quercetin was the most potent antioxidant showing the lowest $ED_{50}$/ of 8.5 $\mu$g/mL (concentration to produce 50% protection of relative DNA damage). The antoxidant potency of individual flavonoids were ranked as follows in a decreasing order; luteolin (18.4 $\mu$g/mL), myricetin (19.0 $\mu$g/mL) , rutin (22.2 $\mu$g/mL) , apigenin (24,3 $\mu$g/mL) , kaempferol (25.5 $\mu$g/mL). The protective effect of $\alpha$-tocopherol was substantially lower (highest $ED_{50}$value of 55.0 $\mu$g/mL) than all the other flavonoids, while the protective effect was highest in green tea and grape juice with low ED5O value of 7.6 and 5.3, respectively. These results suggest that flavonoids, especially quercetin, and natural compounds from food product, green tea and grape juice, produced powerful anti-oxidative activities, even stronger than $\alpha$-tocopherol. Taken together, supplementation of antioxidants to lymphocytes followed by oxidative stimulus inhibited damage to cellular DNA, supporting a protective effect against oxidative damage induced by reactive oxygen species.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.962-969
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• 2005

Effects of 5 and 10% dietary supplement tablets containing green tea, buckwheat, and grape leaf extracts on atherosclerosis, and plasma and hepatic lipid compositions in hamsters fed antherogenic diet [modified AIN-76A containing 10% coconut oil (w/w), 0.05% cholesterol] were examined. Compared to atherogenic diet only groups, addition of supplement to atherogenic diet-fed group significantly down-regulated triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in plasma and liver. F1B hamsters fed atherogenic diet had greater foam cell accumulation compared to control and those fed atherogenic diet with addition of supplement. Lipid metabolisms of plasma and liver increased with addition of supplement dose-dependently, whereas aortic lipid accumulation decreased. These results indicate tablets supplemented with green tea, buckwheat, and grape leaf extracts have potential to prevent cardiovascular diseases in golden Syrian hamsters.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.128-133
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• 2024

Using the freezing removal method, we investigated residual pesticides in 50 grape seed oils distributed in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. The fat was mixed with acetonitrile and then frozen at ≤-20℃ for 24 h. Fats and oils were removed by separating those in solid state and the extract acetonitrile in liquid state. Ten residual pesticides were detected 161 times in 49 of 50 cases. The detected pesticides were boscalid, cyclufenamide, deltamethrin, difenoconazole, fluxapyroxad, fenpyrazamine, kresoxim-methyl, piperonyl butoxide, tebuconazole, and trifluoxysorbin. Boscalid, a fungicide, was most frequently detected (44 times), followed by fluxapiroxad (35 times). The detection range was 0.01-1.10 mg/kg, which was within the legal limit of residual pesticide for grapes. The recovery rate of the detected pesticides was 72.6-129.8% and the ratio of estimated daily intake/acceptable daily intake was calculated to determine the risk of the detected pesticides, which was <0.0028%. This indicated that the risk caused by pesticide residues in grape seed oil is at a safe level.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.773-788
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the damage patterns, the occurrence and migration time of Pseudococcus comstocki and in order to improve the control effect of organic agricultural materials (OAMs). The experiment was carried out at Okcheon's organic vineyard ($2,500m^2$, sandy loam, manure) where planted 8~9 year old 'Muscat of Alexandria' vines. The comstock mealybug's migration to grape clusters occurred from the middle of July, and produced eggs in the grape clusters from the end of July, and the density of the comstock mealybug was highest at $0.6cm^2$ in late August. The number and fruit damage of comstock mealybug in eco-friendly vineyards were higher than in conventional culture vineyard. And the marketability of green variety grape was more damaged from comstock mealybug than the black variety grape. Toxicities of 8 OAMs were evaluated to comstock mealybug at the recommended concentration. As a results, Lightyellow sophora and Derris extracts exhibited strong insecticidal activity with 100% mortality. When the Lightyellow sophora extract was uniformly distributed on the vine from early-July to mid-July, fruit damage reduction rate was 96.2% and 84.6%, respectively. So commercial grapes could be harvested. Therefore, it was considered to be effective to reduce fruit damage by controlling in early - late July (the green stage) when the comstock mealybug migrated to grape clusters in the vine greenhouse. In the future, it will be necessary to study the effect of external exposure time and momentum on the control of OAMs.