• 약학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.736-742
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• 1999

Antioxidative and cytoprotective effects of tectorigenin and glycitein isolated from the pueraria thunbergiana and its derivative, genistein, were determined. Among these three compounds, tectorigenin and glycitein bearing 6-methoxyl groups in both isoflavones showed significant free radical scavenging activities on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and xanthine/xanthine oxidase (XOD) generating superoxide anion radical. Tectorigenin only showed a slight inhibitory effect on XOD. We further studied the inhibitory effects of these isoflavones on the lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes induced by enzymatic and non-enzymatic methods. Each of them exhibited inhibitory effect on both ascorbic $acid/Fe^{2+}-{\;}and{\;}ADP/NADPH/Fe^{+3}-induced$ lipid peroxidation. Moreover, tectorigenin exhibited the highest protection of hydrogen peroxide damage on HepG2 and Vero cells among the three isoflavones, in the cytoprotective assay. It was suggested that the pattern of antioxidative and cytoprotective effect of isoflavones could be crucially by the aromatic substitution of oxygen-containing groups.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.229-235
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• 2004

국내산 대두 품종 7종과 외국산 3종을 포함한 10종에 대하여 일반성분, 식이섬유, 대두올리고당, isoflavone 및 phytic acid 함량을 조사하였다. 일반성분은 수분 7.6-11.9%, 조단백질 32.8-41.0,% 조지방 12.8-20.1% 및 회분 4.6-5.7%의 범위의 함량을 나타내었다. 총식이섬유 함량은 16.83-21.71%로 품종간에 큰 차이가 없었다. 종실 전체의 phytic acid 함량은 2.07-3.02% 범위로 검정콩이 3.02%로 가장 높았고, 캐나다산 콩나물콩, US No. 1, 미국산 콩나물콩의 phytic acid 함량은 각각 2.07%, 2.22%, 2.16%로 국내산 품종들보다 약간 낮은 함량을 나타내었다. 주요 품종의 부위에 따른 phytic acid 함량 분포는 배축보다 자엽에 1.5 -2배 높은 양이 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 종실 전체의 isoflavone 함량은 371-2,398 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g으로 품종간 차이가 켰으나 신팔달통 2호가 2,398.9 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g으로 제일 많았으며 대부분 glucosides 형태로 존재하였다. Isoflavone의 aglycones별 비율은 genistein이 52%, daidzein이 36%, glycitein이 11%로 50% 이상이 genistein으로 존재하였다. 황금콩, 다원콩, 검정콩 및 미국산 콩나물콩의 isoflavone 함량이 371-742 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g 대체적으로 낮았다. 주요 품종의 자엽과 배축 isoflavone 함량 및 분포를 분석한 결과 배축 부위의 isoflavone 함량은 6,120.1-16,921.2 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g였으며 glycitein 계가 48%, daidzein 계가 35%, genistein 계가 10%의 비율로 존재하였다. 자엽의 isoflavone 함량은 375-2,393 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g였으며 genistein 계가 55%, daidzein 계가 38%로 존재하였고 glycitein 계는 검출되지 않았다. 올리고당 총 함량은 9.613.1% 범위로 품종간 차이가 있었으며 stachyose 함량은 3.0-3.9%, raffinose 0.8-l.2%, sucrose 4.6-7.8%, fructose 0.3-0.8%의 범위를 나타내었다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.359-362
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• 2007

Isoflavone concentration(daidzein, glycitein, and genistein) of soybean(Taekwangkong and Sowonkong) were analyzed for studying the relationship between seed size and isoflavone concentration and seed coat color and isoflavone concentration. The isoflavone concentration was the greatest in daidzein then followed by genistein, however glycitein was the smallist of all. The isoflavone concentration was increased with the increasing of the ripening degree and seed size.

• 생약학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.193-197
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• 1998

Two isoflavonoids were isolated from the flowers of Pueraria lobata (Flos puerariae) guided initially fractionation based on brine shrimp lethality assay. The structures were identified as 4',5,7-trihydroxy-6-methoxyisoflavone (tectorigenin) and 4',7-dihydroxy-6-methoxyisoflavone (glycitein), respectively, on the basis of their spectroscopic and physicochemical evidences.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.255-258
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• 1997

Isoflavones are associated with prevention of chronic diseases such as cancer, osteoporosis, and hypercholesterolemia. The isoflavone contents at different development stages of soybean were anayzed to examine the period of their formation and reaching maximum level. Soybean sedds have been collected from 13th to 21st week after sowing. Total daidzein and genistein contents increased from 115 and 37mg/kg at 13th week, to 795 and 699mg/kg at 21st week, respectively. Total glycitein content showed less remarkable change during seed development than other isoflavones. Thus mature soybean may have maximum preventive effect from chronic diseases since it contains the highest level of isoflavones.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.1046-1050
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• 2009

Our previous study showed that isoflavone profile of soybean undergoes a significant change during cheonggukjang preparation. In particular, the content of metabolite(s) with similar retention time to glycitein under the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) condition was significantly increased while the levels of genistein and its derivatives were notably lowered. Therefore, we hypothesized that genistein and its derivatives might be converted to genistein glucosides with similar elution time to glycitein. Our current data suggest that genistein and its derivatives are extensively metabolized into various compounds including genistein glycosides, but not glycitein or its derivatives, by Bacillus species isolated from traditional cheonggukjang. Some of daidzein was also converted into a derivative with shorter retention time by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 51 and 86-1 but not by Bacillus subtilis 3-5 and 3-17. As metabolism of soy isoflavones, major health-promoting components in soy products, is widely variable depending upon Bacillus species, it is essential to select microorganism that minimizes the breakdown or modification of soy isoflavones in the process of fermented soy product manufacture.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2006

The 117 soybean cultivars were collected from nine provinces in Korea, and various seed quality traits along with isoflavone contents were evaluated to elucidate their relationship. The 100-seed weight of the black soybean (31.2 g) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than yellow soybeans (28.6 g). The composition of genistein, daidzein, and glycitein accounted for 75.8, 22.8, and 1.4 % of total isoflavone in yellow soybean cultivars, while their compositions in black soybeans were 58.5, 39.7, and 1.8%, respectively. The mean contents of total isoflavone in yellow and black soybean were $l,561.6{\mu}g\;g^{-1}\;and\;l,018.3{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$. The isofalvone content showed significant variation among cultivars when classified by the seed size. In the yellow soybeans, total isoflavone content was higher in small size soybean cultivars $(1,776.0{\mu}g\;g^{-1})$ and medium size soybean cultivars $(1,714.3{\mu}g\;g^{-1})$ compared to large size ones $(1,518.5{\mu}g\;g^{-1})$. Genistein content was proved as the major factor determining the relationship between isoflavone content and 100-seed weights (r =-0.206*). Daidzein and glycitein, however, showed no significant relationship with the 100-seed weights. Isoflavone content was not significantly correlated with color parameters L (lightness) and a (redness) values, but color parameter b (yellowness) was positively correlated with glycitein (r=0.264*) in the yellow soybeans, while its negative correlation between daidzein (r=-0.245*) and total isoflavone (r=-0.256*) were observed in black soybeans. However, these findings suggested that the seed color value may not serve as an effective parameter for estimating the isoflavone intensity of the soybeans. Variation of protein and lipid contents between yellow soybeans (n=58) and black soybeans (n=59) was relatively stable, however, protein and lipid contents have no significant relationship with isoflavone content.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.320-324
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• 2002

The MeOH extract of Pueraria thunbergiana (Leguminosae) flowers and its fractions were subjected to Ames test to test the antimutagenicity. EtOAc fraction (1 mg/plate) decreased the number of revertants of Salmonella typhymurium TA100 by 95% against aflatoxin $B_1{\;}(AFB_1)$. Phytochemical isolation of the EtOAc fraction afforded four isoflavonoids (tectorigenin, glycitein, tectoridin and glycitin) and one saponin (kaikasaponin III). Though the three isoflavonoids other than tectoridin showed significant antimutagenicity, the activity of kaikasaponin III was the most potent. Kaikasaponin III (1 mg/plate) decreased the number of revertants of S. typhymurium TA 100 by 99% against $AFB_1$ but by 75% against N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Tectorigenin (1 mg/plate) inhibited the $AFB_1$-induced mutagenicity by 90% and MNNG-induced one by 76%. Glycitein and glycitin were less active than tectorigenin and kaikasaponin III. This result suggested that kaikasponin III prevents the metabolic activation of $AFB_1$ and scavenge electrophilic intermediate capable of mutation. The two components with potent activities, tectorigenin and kaikasaonin III, significantly prevented the malondialdehyde formation caused by bromobenzene in the rat.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.309-315
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• 2004

This study was carried out to evaluate the seed quality of soybeans produced from upland and drained-paddy fields. Soybeans from drained-paddy field showed significantly higher in the 100 seeds weight and greater in the size of seed length than those from upland fields. However, there are no significant differences in seed width and thickness between upland and paddy fields. In case of Hunter's color value, the lightness (L) was significantly higher in the upland soybeans, but the a (redness) and b (yellowness) values were higher in the drained-paddy field soybeans. Seed appearance of drained-paddy field was poor than that of upland field. Soybeans produced from the drained-paddy field showed higher protein content, whereas, lipid and ash contents were higher in the upland field. Soybeans from upland field had lower contents of total amino acids compared to drained-paddy fields. No statistical differences were found in palmitic, linoleic, and linolenic, but stearic, oleic, saturated fatty acids (SFA), and unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) showed significant differences between soybean seeds from upland and drained-paddy fields. Genistein content was higher in the drained-paddy fields, while daidzein and glycitein contents were higher in the upland fields. This result suggested that the soil condition of drained-paddy field is more favorable to synthesis genistein than daidzein and glycitein.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.347-351
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• 2010

Isoflavones have received much attention because of their health-related and clinical benefits such as estrogenic and anti-oxidative activities as well as triggering of natural killer cell activity. However, there are few publications reporting the pharmacokinetic profiles together with physicochemical properties of main isoflavones. Therefore, the pharmacokinetic parameters of main aglycones, daidzein, glycitein and genistein after oral administration of soybean extracts were investigated and the physicochemical properties of soybean extracts were characterized. It was observed that angle of repose was $46^{\circ}$ and tap density, bulk density and porosity were 10.12, 4.3 and $0.86\;g/cm^3$ and the mean $AUC_{last}$ of daidzein, glycitein and genistein was $11.376\;{\mu}g{\cdot}h/mL$, $3.045\;{\mu}g{\cdot}h/mL$ and $0.825\;{\mu}g{\cdot}h/mL$, respectively. Cell viability was 60% at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. Taken together, it was suggested that isoflavones were contained in the soybean products and had an antioxidant activity and this study would be the basis to control the quality of soybean products and study of the bioequivalence between soybean products in future.