• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.125-128
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• 2010

HbA1c test measures the amount of glycated hemoglobin in blood. HbA1c shows the average of blood glucose levels for the past three months, this is a better indicator of how overall diabetes is doing. HbA1c gives a much better idea of how the body is breaking down the glucose. Therefore, this HbA1c is very important tool for maintaining normal glucose levels for pre-and diabetic patients. Total 408 participants were tested HbA1c voluntarily from Chosunilbo Health Expo (8th~11th, July 2010). Through this small-scaled direct HbA1c, about 54.7% (207 out of 408) was shown glucose tolerance and diabetes. However, 61 from 157 participants who were shown under 6.9% HbA1c (normal and pre-diabetic stage) are taking only antidiabetic drugs to maintain a normal blood glucose. Regular HbA1c test can bring an important management and awareness about controlling blood sugar level and prevention of diabetic complications.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.171-178
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• 2011

Glycated hemoglobin ($HbA_{1c}$) is a most preferably used baseline of diabetes, implicating average blood glucose levels over a 2-3 month period of time. Recently the American Diabetes Association has recommended the $HbA_{1c}$ assay as one of the criteria for diabetes. Although some studies provide data with "estimated average glucose", by converting the $HbA_{1c}$ results from simple linear regression, the results are not applicable to whole diabetes. We compared the relationship between $HbA_{1c}$ and estimated average glucose by anemia degree of diabetic patients in Korea. The data from the 2008~2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used. Analysis was done for 1,257 diabetes subjects with $HbA_{1c}$ results. The distribution of subjects was 34.1% in 60's, 25.9% in 70's, 21,6% in 50's, showing that there was more than 80% in over 50's. To take a close look of the differences depending on the anemic degree, we applied WHO criteria (hemoglobin<13.0 in men and hemoglobin<12.0 in women) and divided anemia degree. The regression equation for A1c and estimated average glucose was $eAG_{mg/dL}=24.3{\times}A1c-32.0$ ($R^2=0.54$, p<0.001) in all subjects, $eAG_{mg/dL}=33.1{\times}A1c-96.1$ ($R^2=0.52$, p<0.001) in slight anemia ($11.0{\leq}$Hb<13.0 in men, $10.0{\leq}$Hb<12.0 in women), and $eAG_{mg/dL}=13.5{\times}A1c+34.9$ ($R^2=0.12$, p =0.075) in moderate anemia (Hb<11.0 in men, Hb<10.0 in women). The regression was not significant in moderate anemia. The relationship between HbA1c and eAG was lower correlation than ADAG study, and eAG showed lower value in all ranges among $HbA_{1c}$ 5~13%. Such as a korea where, there are many diabetic patients among the old aged and higher prevalence rate of anemia, we should be extra careful when we reflect eAG using $HbA_{1c}$ and need to establish criteria which can be applicable to koreans.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.1318-1324
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the management of blood glucose in diabetes mellitus using modified Jawonjihwang-tang in a Korean medical clinic, retrospectively. Methods: From 2006 to 2018, 150 patients diagnosed with diabetes who visited a Korean medical clinic were treated with Korean medicine. Then, 81 of them were prescribed Jawonjihwang-tang. Five cases who changed the formula during the procedure were excluded; therefore, 76 cases were finally selected. Their therapeutic effects were evaluated by the variance in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Results: After administration of Jawonjihwang-tang, most patients exhibited a decreased level of HbA1c, and 24 patients had normalized the level of HbA1c. The HbA1c level of all patients decreased from 9.1±2.2 to 7.8±2.2 significantly (p<0.001). Conclusions: It is concluded that Jawonjihwang-tang may control blood glucose in diabetes patients. However, more prospective randomized clinical trials are warranted to verify this conclusion.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.14-21
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify relationships between HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin), WHR (Waist hip ratio), WTR (Waist thigh ratio) and compliance in elderly diabetes mellitus patients aged 65 years or over. Method: We conducted a survey and measured HbA1c, WHR, WTR in a total of 180 elderly patients with diabetes from 5 May 2014 to 30 May 2014. The data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient using the SPSS program. Results: There were no significant differences in diabetes-related characteristics for HbA1c, WHR and WTR. However, patients with a family history had low compliance scores (p=.004). Furthermore, patients who visited the hospital regularly had higher compliance scores than patients who visited hospital when they were sick (p<.001). Patients with diabetic complications had low treatment compliance scores (p=.001). In addition, WHR and WTR (r=0.47, p<.001). and WHR and compliance (r=0.15, p=.045) showed positive correlation. Conclusion: For elderly diabetes mellitus patients, diabetes-related characteristics and compliance were highly related, so it is necessary to improve compliance for managing diabetes mellitus.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between diabetes and liver function test results. Unlike type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hepatogenous diabetes is caused by abnormal liver function. In this study, the relationship between liver enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and the AST/ALT ratio (De Ritis ratio), indicating liver function, and diabetes-related tests was analyzed. The results of the study showed a positive correlation between AST and glucose (r=0.14, P<0.01), ALT and glucose (r=0.21, P<0.01), AST and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (r=0.15, P<0.01), and ALT and HbA1c (r=0.20, P<0.01). The De Ritis ratio showed a negative correlation with glucose (r=-0.20, P<0.01) and HbA1c (r=-0.14, P<0.01). The results of regression analysis with AST, ALT, and the De Ritis ratio as independent variables and glucose (R²=0.05) and HbA1c (R²=0.04) as dependent variables revealed that the independent variables had a statistically significant effect on the dependent variables. AST showed a lower correlation between blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin than ALT, and an increase in ALT caused a decrease in the De Ritis ratio. Therefore, the De Ritis ratio can be said to be meaningful in relation to diabetes-related tests.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.290-297
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to compare dental health status of South Korean adults, according to the control protocol of glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). From the measurements of HbA1c levels of 4,991 individuals over the age of 19 who participated in the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the following conclusions were obtained. Glycated hemoglobin was 7.2% in the HbA1c ${\geq}6.6$ diabetic group and 5.9% in women and 8.5% in men. The ratio in the glucose non-control group was higher in the older age group, the lower average monthly household income group, and the lower education level group. Both the tissue health index and functioning teeth index indices were slightly higher in both men and women in the glucose control group. The tissue health index was higher in the younger age group, in the higher average monthly household income group, and in the higher education level group. The missing teeth (MT) index was greater among women (3.775 pieces) than among men (2.317 pieces) in the glucose non-control group. Higher age correlated with a greater number of MT, while higher income and education levels correlated with a lower number of MT. In conclusion, we will continue to provide counseling and education on oral health problems, thereby widening the awareness of the importance of oral health care and providing a variety of media and education methods related to medical and oral health that can manage diabetic patients according to the level of HbA1c It should be developed.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.75-84
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• 2018

Objects: This study is a descriptive study to identify the factors influencing the glycated hemoglobin control in type 2 diabetes patients. Methods: This study used raw data from the third year of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey performed from 2015. The subjects were 285 people who were classified as type 2 diabetes patients among the 7,380 participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Findings: The factors influencing the glycated hemoglobin control in type 2 diabetes patients were found to be age, education level, prevalence period and sleeping time. Improvements: In type 2 diabetes patients, it is very important to have appropriate education on diabetes when they discovered the disease morbidity in the middle age rather than in the aged period and to have enough sleeping time. A practical program to help this education and training should be developed.

• Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.196-203
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• 2018

Purpose: The hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) represents the degree of nonenzymatic glycation and has been positively associated with cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs) and cardiovascular disease in adults. This study aimed to investigate the association between HGI, components of metabolic syndrome (MS), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in a pediatric nondiabetic population. Methods: Data from 3,885 subjects aged 10-18 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011-2016) were included. HGI was defined as subtraction of predicted glycated hemoglobin ($HbA1_c$) from measured $HbA1_c$. Participants were divided into 3 groups according to HGI tertile. Components of MS (abdominal obesity, fasting glucose, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and blood pressure), and proportion of MS, CMRF clustering (${\geq}2$ of MS components), and elevated ALT were compared among the groups. Results: Body mass index (BMI) z-score, obesity, total cholesterol, ALT, abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides, and CMRF clustering showed increasing HGI trends from lower-to-higher tertiles. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed the upper HGI tertile was associated with elevated triglycerides (odds ratio, 1.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.18-2.30). Multiple linear regression analysis showed HGI level was significantly associated with BMI z-score, $HbA1_c$, triglycerides, and ALT. When stratified by sex, age group, and BMI category, overweight/obese subjects showed linear HGI trends for presence of CMRF clustering and ALT elevation. Conclusion: HGI was associated with CMRFs in a Korean pediatric population. High HGI might be an independent risk factor for CMRF clustering and ALT elevation in overweight/obese youth. Further studies are required to establish the clinical relevance of HGI for cardiometabolic health in youth.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.62-66
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• 2009

HbA1c is the major fraction of glycated hemoglobin, and used primarily to identify the average plasma glucose concentration over prolonged periods of time, mostly 2-3 months. It is used as markers for the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetic patients and increasingly used a marker in health screening check up for general populations. In this study, HbA1c was measured with Cobas integra 800 (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany), using immunoturbidimetry principles. We established the reference interval for HbA1c with Cobas integra 800 and evaluated its significance. The study subjects were 36,140 (male 57.5%, and female 42.2%) who visited the Health Promotion Center of a tertiary care center in Seoul for health checkup from January to September, 2008. HbA1c levels were measured with immunoturbidimetric method. Statistical evaluation was done with SPSS. Comparison between male and female was checked with Mann-Whitney test, and among age groups with Kruskal-Wallis test. Reference interval for HbA1c was from 4.8% to 6.1%. There was no significant difference between male and female with Mann-Whitney test (P=0.539). There was significant difference among age groups with Kruskal-Wallis test (P<0.05). Reference interval for HbA1c with Cobas integra 800 was 4.8~6.1%, which was different from conventional one, 4.4-6.4%. Establishment of reference interval for each principle is needed.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.83-96
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• 2020

Purpose: The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical benefit of additional toothbrushing accompanying non-surgical periodontal treatment on oral and general health in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: We conducted a doubled-blind randomized controlled trial in 60 T2DM patients between June 2013 and June 2014. The patients were randomly assigned to the scaling and root planing (SRP) group; the scaling and root planing with additional toothbrushing (SRPAT) group, in which additional toothbrushing was performed by toothpick methods; or the control group. Microbiological and oral examinations were performed for up to 12 weeks following treatment. Non-surgical treatment was conducted in the experimental groups. The SRP group received scaling and root planing and the SRPAT group received additional toothbrushing with the Watanabe method once a week from the first visit through the fifth visit. The primary outcomes were changes in haemoglobin A1c (or glycated haemoglobin; HbA1c) levels, serum endotoxin levels, and interleukin-1 beta levels. Periodontal health status was measured by periodontal pocket depth, the calculus index, and bleeding on probing (BOP). Results: Both the SRP and SRPAT groups showed improvements in periodontal health and HbA1c, but the SRPAT group showed significantly less BOP than the SRP group. Furthermore, only the SRPAT group showed a statistically significant decrease in serum endotoxin levels. Conclusions: Non-surgical periodontal treatment was effective in improving HbA1c and serum endotoxin levels in T2DM patients. Furthermore, non-surgical treatment with additional tooth brushing had a more favourable effect on gingival bleeding management. Trial RegistrationClinical Research Information Service Identifier: KCT000416.